General practitioners' perceptions of delayed antibiotic prescription for respiratory tract infections: A phenomenographic study

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 14; no. 11; p. e0225506
• Main Authors: Saliba-Gustafsson, Erika A, Röing, Marta, Borg, Michael A, Rosales-Klintz, Senia, Lundborg, Cecilia Stålsby
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 22.11.2019; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory care; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Biology and Life Sciences; Bronchitis; Consumption; Diagnostic tests; Drug Prescriptions; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Expenditures; Family physicians; Female; General practitioners; General Practitioners - psychology; Health aspects; Health education; Health surveillance; Humans; Infections; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medical research; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Medicine and Health Sciences; Microbial drug resistance; Middle Aged; Patient education; Patient Satisfaction; Patients; People and Places; Pharmacists; Physician-Patient Relations; Physicians; Prescription writing; Primary care; Public health; Qualitative research; Research and Analysis Methods; Respiratory tract; Respiratory tract diseases; Respiratory tract infection; Respiratory Tract Infections - drug therapy; Shopping; Social marketing; Strategy; Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Kingdom; Sweden; Europe; Malta
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225506

Antibiotic use is a major driver of antibiotic resistance. Although delayed antibiotic prescription is a recommended strategy to reduce antibiotic use, practices vary; it appears less commonly used in southern European countries where antibiotic consumption is highest. Despite these variations, few qualitative studies have explored general practitioners' perceptions of delayed antibiotic prescription. We therefore aimed to explore and describe the perceptions of delayed antibiotic prescription for respiratory tract infections among general practitioners in Malta. This qualitative phenomenographic study was conducted in Malta. A semi-structured interview guide was developed in English, pilot tested and revised accordingly. Interview topics included views on antibiotic resistance, antibiotic use and delayed antibiotic prescription for respiratory tract infections, and barriers and facilitators to antibiotic prescription. Individual, face-to-face interviews were held in 2014 with a quota sample of 20 general practitioners and transcribed verbatim. Data were subsequently analysed using a phenomenographic approach. General practitioners perceived delayed antibiotic prescription in five qualitatively different ways: (A) "The Service Provider"-maintaining a good general practitioner-patient relationship to retain patients and avoid doctor-shopping, (B) "The Uncertainty Avoider"-reaching a compromise and providing treatment just in case, (C) "The Comforter"-providing the patient comfort and reassurance, (D) "The Conscientious Practitioner"-empowering and educating patients, and limiting antibiotic use, and (E) "The Holder of Professional Power"-retaining general practitioner responsibility by employing a wait-and-see approach. Although general practitioners were largely positive towards delayed antibiotic prescription, not all supported the strategy; some preferred a wait-and-see approach with follow-up. Many delayed antibiotic prescription users selectively practiced delayed prescription with patients they trusted or who they believed had a certain level of knowledge and understanding. They also preferred a patient-led approach with a one to three day delay; post-dating delayed antibiotic prescriptions was uncommon. In this study we have shown that general practitioners hold varying perceptions about delayed antibiotic prescription and that there is variation in the way delayed antibiotic prescription is employed in Malta. Whilst delayed antibiotic prescription is utilised in Malta, not all general practitioners support the strategy, and motivations and practices differ. In high consumption settings, formal and standardised implementation of delayed antibiotic prescription could help curb antibiotic overuse. Diagnosis-specific delayed antibiotic prescription recommendations should also be incorporated into guidelines. Finally, further investigation into patients' and pharmacists' views on delayed antibiotic prescription is required. NCT03218930.