Complex Patterns of Genomic Admixture within Southern Africa

• Published in: PLoS genetics Vol. 9; no. 3; p. e1003309
• Main Authors: Petersen, Desiree C., Libiger, Ondrej, Tindall, Elizabeth A., Hardie, Rae-Anne, Hannick, Linda I., Glashoff, Richard H., Mukerji, Mitali, Fernandez, Pedro, Haacke, Wilfrid, Schork, Nicholas J., Hayes, Vanessa M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 01.03.2013; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Africa, Southern; African Continental Ancestry Group - genetics; Asian Continental Ancestry Group - genetics; Biological diversity; Biology; Blood transfusions; Colleges & universities; Dispersal; DNA, Mitochondrial; European Continental Ancestry Group - genetics; Female; Gender; Genes; Genetic Variation; Genetics, Population; Genome, Human; Genomes; Genomics; Genotype; Humans; Male; Phylogeography; Population genetics; Africa, Southern; South Africa
• ISSN: 1553-7404; 1553-7390; 1553-7404
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003309

Within-population genetic diversity is greatest within Africa, while between-population genetic diversity is directly proportional to geographic distance. The most divergent contemporary human populations include the click-speaking forager peoples of southern Africa, broadly defined as Khoesan. Both intra- (Bantu expansion) and inter-continental migration (European-driven colonization) have resulted in complex patterns of admixture between ancient geographically isolated Khoesan and more recently diverged populations. Using gender-specific analysis and almost 1 million autosomal markers, we determine the significance of estimated ancestral contributions that have shaped five contemporary southern African populations in a cohort of 103 individuals. Limited by lack of available data for homogenous Khoesan representation, we identify the Ju/'hoan (n = 19) as a distinct early diverging human lineage with little to no significant non-Khoesan contribution. In contrast to the Ju/'hoan, we identify ancient signatures of Khoesan and Bantu unions resulting in significant Khoesan- and Bantu-derived contributions to the Southern Bantu amaXhosa (n = 15) and Khoesan !Xun (n = 14), respectively. Our data further suggests that contemporary !Xun represent distinct Khoesan prehistories. Khoesan assimilation with European settlement at the most southern tip of Africa resulted in significant ancestral Khoesan contributions to the Coloured (n = 25) and Baster (n = 30) populations. The latter populations were further impacted by 170 years of East Indian slave trade and intra-continental migrations resulting in a complex pattern of genetic variation (admixture). The populations of southern Africa provide a unique opportunity to investigate the genomic variability from some of the oldest human lineages to the implications of complex admixture patterns including ancient and recently diverged human lineages.