Variations in the quality of tuberculosis care in urban India: A cross-sectional, standardized patient study in two cities

• Published in: PLoS medicine Vol. 15; no. 9; p. e1002653
• Main Authors: Kwan, Ada, Daniels, Benjamin, Saria, Vaibhav, Satyanarayana, Srinath, Subbaraman, Ramnath, McDowell, Andrew, Bergkvist, Sofi, Das, Ranendra K, Das, Veena, Das, Jishnu, Pai, Madhukar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 25.09.2018; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adult; Alternative medicine; Antibiotics; Antitubercular Agents - therapeutic use; Biology and Life Sciences; Care and treatment; Cities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Development and progression; Disease management; Distribution; Drug resistance; Drug stores; Female; Health care; Health care facilities; Health care reform; Humans; India; Laboratories; Male; Management; Medicine; Medicine and Health Sciences; Patient care; Patients; Pharmacists; Primary care; Private Sector; Quality; Quality management; Quality of care; Quality of Health Care - statistics & numerical data; Referral and Consultation; Supervision; Surgery; Systematic review; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis patients; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - diagnostic imaging; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - drug therapy; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - therapy; Urban Health; Variance analysis; Variation; Cities; India; New York; Washington DC; Mumbai India; United States > US; California; France
• ISSN: 1549-1676; 1549-1277; 1549-1676
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002653

India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB). Although most patients with TB in India seek care from the private sector, there is limited evidence on quality of TB care or its correlates. Following our validation study on the standardized patient (SP) method for TB, we utilized SPs to examine quality of adult TB care among health providers with different qualifications in 2 Indian cities. During 2014-2017, pilot programs engaged the private health sector to improve TB management in Mumbai and Patna. Nested within these projects, to obtain representative, baseline measures of quality of TB care at the city level, we recruited 24 adults to be SPs. They were trained to portray 4 TB "case scenarios" representing various stages of disease and diagnostic progression. Between November 2014 and August 2015, the SPs visited representatively sampled private providers stratified by qualification: (1) allopathic providers with Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degrees or higher and (2) non-MBBS providers with alternative medicine, minimal, or no qualifications. Our main outcome was case-specific correct management benchmarked against the Standards for TB Care in India (STCI). Using ANOVA, we assessed variation in correct management and quality outcomes across (a) cities, (b) qualifications, and (c) case scenarios. Additionally, 2 micro-experiments identified sources of variation: first, quality in the presence of diagnostic test results certainty and second, provider consistency for different patients presenting the same case. A total of 2,652 SP-provider interactions across 1,203 health facilities were analyzed. Based on our sampling strategy and after removing 50 micro-experiment interactions, 2,602 interactions were weighted for city-representative interpretation. After weighting, the 473 Patna providers receiving SPs represent 3,179 eligible providers in Patna; in Mumbai, the 730 providers represent 7,115 eligible providers. Correct management was observed in 959 out of 2,602 interactions (37%; 35% weighted; 95% CI 32%-37%), primarily from referrals and ordering chest X-rays (CXRs). Unnecessary medicines were given to nearly all SPs, and antibiotic use was common. Anti-TB drugs were prescribed in 118 interactions (4.5%; 5% weighted), of which 45 were given in the case in which such treatment is considered correct management. MBBS and more qualified providers had higher odds of correctly managing cases than non-MBBS providers (odds ratio [OR] 2.80; 95% CI 2.05-3.82; p < 0.0001). Mumbai non-MBBS providers had higher odds of correct management than non-MBBS in Patna (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.06-3.03), and MBBS providers' quality of care did not vary between cities (OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.79-1.68; p = 0.4642). In the micro-experiments, improving diagnostic certainty had a positive effect on correct management but not across all quality dimensions. Also, providers delivered idiosyncratically consistent care, repeating all observed actions, including mistakes, approximately 75% of the time. The SP method has limitations: it cannot account for patient mix or care-management practices reflecting more than one patient-provider interaction. Quality of TB care is suboptimal and variable in urban India's private health sector. Addressing this is critical for India's plans to end TB by 2025. For the first time, we have rich measures on representative levels of care quality from 2 cities, which can inform private-sector TB interventions and quality-improvement efforts.