The Axolotl Fibula as a Model for the Induction of Regeneration across Large Segment Defects in Long Bones of the Extremities

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 10; no. 6; p. e0130819
• Main Authors: Chen, Xiaoping, Song, Fengyu, Jhamb, Deepali, Li, Jiliang, Bottino, Marco C, Palakal, Mathew J, Stocum, David L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 22.06.2015; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Ambystoma mexicanum; Ambystoma mexicanum - metabolism; Ambystoma mexicanum - physiology; Amphibians; Amputation; Animals; Biology; Bone and Bones - metabolism; Bone and Bones - physiology; Bone growth; Bone morphogenetic protein 4; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 - metabolism; Bones; Braiding; Cartilage; Cartilage - metabolism; Cartilage - physiology; Crack propagation; Defects; Dentistry; Extremities; Extremities - physiology; Fibula; Fibula - metabolism; Fibula - physiology; Fractures; Gene expression; Growth factors; Hepatocyte Growth Factor - metabolism; Informatics; Intervention; Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism; Intestinal Mucosa - physiology; Intestine, Small - metabolism; Intestine, Small - physiology; Mammals; Osteogenesis; Osteogenesis - physiology; Proteins; Regeneration; Regeneration - physiology; Scaffolds; Small intestine; Swine; Tissue Scaffolds; Trends; Xenopus; Young adults; Indiana; United States > US; Indianapolis Indiana
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130819

We tested the ability of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) fibula to regenerate across segment defects of different size in the absence of intervention or after implant of a unique 8-braid pig small intestine submucosa (SIS) scaffold, with or without incorporated growth factor combinations or tissue protein extract. Fractures and defects of 10% and 20% of the total limb length regenerated well without any intervention, but 40% and 50% defects failed to regenerate after either simple removal of bone or implanting SIS scaffold alone. By contrast, scaffold soaked in the growth factor combination BMP-4/HGF or in protein extract of intact limb tissue promoted partial or extensive induction of cartilage and bone across 50% segment defects in 30%-33% of cases. These results show that BMP-4/HGF and intact tissue protein extract can promote the events required to induce cartilage and bone formation across a segment defect larger than critical size and that the long bones of axolotl limbs are an inexpensive model to screen soluble factors and natural and synthetic scaffolds for their efficacy in stimulating this process.