Effects of head tilt on visual field testing with a head-mounted perimeter imo

A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with...

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Published in	PloS one Vol. 12; no. 9; p. e0185240
Main Authors	Yamao, Sayaka, Matsumoto, Chota, Nomoto, Hiroki, Numata, Takuya, Eura, Mariko, Yamashita, Marika, Hashimoto, Shigeki, Okuyama, Sachiko, Kimura, Shinji, Yamanaka, Kenzo, Chiba, Yasutaka, Aihara, Makoto, Shimomura, Yoshikazu
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	United States Public Library of Science 25.09.2017 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects	Adult Attitude (inclination) Binocular vision Biology and Life Sciences Correlation Engineering and Technology Eye Movements Female Field study Head Head Movements Human subjects Humans Hypotheses Light emitting diodes Male Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Physical Sciences Regression Analysis Rotation Test procedures Testing University faculty Visual field Visual Field Tests - instrumentation Visual Field Tests - statistics & numerical data Visual Fields Visual perception Japan
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Abstract	A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results. For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject's head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject's head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt. The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R2≥0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas. Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject's head tilt should be limited to 20°.
AbstractList	A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results. For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject's head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject's head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt. The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R2≥0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas. Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject's head tilt should be limited to 20°. A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results.PURPOSEA newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results.For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject's head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject's head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt.SUBJECTS AND METHODSFor 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject's head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject's head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt.The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R2≥0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas.RESULTSThe association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R2≥0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas.Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject's head tilt should be limited to 20°.CONCLUSIONSBoth the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject's head tilt should be limited to 20°. A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results. For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject's head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject's head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt. The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R.sup.2 [greater than or equal to]0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas. Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject's head tilt should be limited to 20°. Purpose A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed “imo” enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject’s head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results. Subjects and methods For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject’s head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject’s head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt. Results The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R2≥0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas. Conclusions Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject’s head tilt should be limited to 20°. Purpose A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed “imo” enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject’s head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results. Subjects and methods For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject’s head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject’s head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt. Results The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R 2 ≥0.94, p <0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas. Conclusions Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject’s head tilt should be limited to 20°. Purpose A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results. Subjects and methods For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject's head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject's head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt. Results The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R.sup.2 [greater than or equal to]0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas. Conclusions Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject's head tilt should be limited to 20°. A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship between the subject's head and the imo is fixed, the effects of head position changes on the test results are small compared with those obtained using a stationary perimeter. However, only ocular counter-roll (OCR) induced by head tilt might affect VF testing. To quantitatively reveal the effects of head tilt and OCR on the VF test results, we investigated the associations among the head-tilt angle, OCR amplitude and VF testing results.For 20 healthy subjects, we binocularly recorded static OCR (s-OCR) while tilting the subject's head at an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 60° rightward or leftward in 10° increments. By monitoring iris patterns, we evaluated the s-OCR amplitude. We also performed blind spot detection while tilting the subject's head by an arbitrary angle ranging from 0° to 50° rightward or leftward in 10° increments to calculate the angle by which the blind spot rotates because of head tilt.The association between s-OCR amplitude and head-tilt angle showed a sinusoidal relationship. In blind spot detection, the blind spot rotated to the opposite direction of the head tilt, and the association between the rotation angle of the blind spot and the head-tilt angle also showed a sinusoidal relationship. The rotation angle of the blind spot was strongly correlated with the s-OCR amplitude (R2≥0.94, p<0.0001). A head tilt greater than 20° with imo causes interference between adjacent test areas.Both the s-OCR amplitude and the rotation angle of the blind spot were correlated with the head-tilt angle by sinusoidal regression. The rotated VF was correlated with the s-OCR amplitude. During perimetry using imo, the change in the subject's head tilt should be limited to 20°.
Audience	Academic
Author	Chiba, Yasutaka Yamashita, Marika Hashimoto, Shigeki Kimura, Shinji Numata, Takuya Okuyama, Sachiko Eura, Mariko Nomoto, Hiroki Yamao, Sayaka Aihara, Makoto Shimomura, Yoshikazu Yamanaka, Kenzo Matsumoto, Chota
AuthorAffiliation	Tokai University, JAPAN 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan 2 CREWT Medical Systems, Inc., Tokyo, Japan 3 Clinical Research Center, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Tokai University, JAPAN – name: 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan – name: 3 Clinical Research Center, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan – name: 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan – name: 2 CREWT Medical Systems, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sayaka orcidid: 0000-0002-9496-7591 surname: Yamao fullname: Yamao, Sayaka – sequence: 2 givenname: Chota surname: Matsumoto fullname: Matsumoto, Chota – sequence: 3 givenname: Hiroki surname: Nomoto fullname: Nomoto, Hiroki – sequence: 4 givenname: Takuya surname: Numata fullname: Numata, Takuya – sequence: 5 givenname: Mariko surname: Eura fullname: Eura, Mariko – sequence: 6 givenname: Marika surname: Yamashita fullname: Yamashita, Marika – sequence: 7 givenname: Shigeki surname: Hashimoto fullname: Hashimoto, Shigeki – sequence: 8 givenname: Sachiko surname: Okuyama fullname: Okuyama, Sachiko – sequence: 9 givenname: Shinji surname: Kimura fullname: Kimura, Shinji – sequence: 10 givenname: Kenzo surname: Yamanaka fullname: Yamanaka, Kenzo – sequence: 11 givenname: Yasutaka surname: Chiba fullname: Chiba, Yasutaka – sequence: 12 givenname: Makoto surname: Aihara fullname: Aihara, Makoto – sequence: 13 givenname: Yoshikazu surname: Shimomura fullname: Shimomura, Yoshikazu
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28945777$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1007_s10384_024_01132_9 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_78147_y crossref_primary_10_1177_03010066211065229 crossref_primary_10_53432_2078_4104_2024_23_1_58_64 crossref_primary_10_1097_IJG_0000000000001764 crossref_primary_10_1097_IJG_0000000000002492 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_48105_5 crossref_primary_10_1097_WNO_0000000000002019
Cites_doi	10.1016/j.visres.2004.06.014 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.035 10.2307/2529876 10.3109/00016487909126457 10.3109/00016488909139059 10.1080/09273970500216408 10.1371/journal.pone.0161974 10.1007/s00221-009-1823-4 10.1016/j.visres.2009.04.021 10.1007/s002210000436 10.3233/VES-1999-9104 10.1007/s10384-005-0254-4 10.4263/jorthoptic.38.35 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00094-3
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Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science 2017 Yamao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2017 Yamao et al 2017 Yamao et al
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License	This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Creative Commons Attribution License
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have the following interests: This study was funded by CREWT Medical Systems. SK and KY are employees of CREWT Medical Systems. SK and KY are directors and have proprietary interests with CREWT Medical Systems. SK and KY have two patents: 1) Binocular random visual field perimeter (Patent No. JP6013887B2) and 2) Prevention of dark adaptation during binocular visual field testing (Patent No. JP5826902B2). CM, SK and KY have the unexamined patent application publication for Correction of eye torsion (Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. JP2016198387). There are no products under development that are relevant to the materials presented in this article. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
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Snippet	A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional relationship... Purpose A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed "imo" enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional... Purpose A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed “imo” enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional... Purpose A newly developed head-mounted perimeter termed “imo” enables visual field (VF) testing without a fixed head position. Because the positional...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Attitude (inclination) Binocular vision Biology and Life Sciences Correlation Engineering and Technology Eye Movements Female Field study Head Head Movements Human subjects Humans Hypotheses Light emitting diodes Male Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Physical Sciences Regression Analysis Rotation Test procedures Testing University faculty Visual field Visual Field Tests - instrumentation Visual Field Tests - statistics & numerical data Visual Fields Visual perception
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Title	Effects of head tilt on visual field testing with a head-mounted perimeter imo
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