Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 8; no. 2; p. e55821
• Main Authors: Batalla, Albert, Bhattacharyya, Sagnik, Yücel, Murat, Fusar-Poli, Paolo, Crippa, Jose Alexandre, Nogué, Santiago, Torrens, Marta, Pujol, Jesús, Farré, Magí, Martin-Santos, Rocio
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 04.02.2013; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Addictions; Adolescent; Adolescents; Adult; Adults; Alcohol; Alcohol use; Biology; Brain; Cannabinoids - adverse effects; Cannabis; Cannabis - adverse effects; Cerebellum; Cerebellum - drug effects; Cerebellum - pathology; Cerebellum - physiopathology; Child development; Chronic diseases; Cognition & reasoning; Cognition - drug effects; Cognitive ability; Cognitive tasks; Control de les drogues; Criteria; Cànnabis; Databases, Bibliographic; Decision making; Drug abuse; Drug control; Exposure; Female; Frontal Lobe - drug effects; Frontal Lobe - pathology; Frontal Lobe - physiopathology; Functional anatomy; Health services; Humans; Malalties cròniques; Male; Marijuana; Marijuana Abuse - etiology; Marijuana Abuse - pathology; Marijuana Abuse - physiopathology; Medical imaging; Medicine; Memory; Mental health; Neuroimaging; Neuroimaging - methods; Neurology; Neuropsychological Tests; Neurosciences; Physiological aspects; Population studies; Psychiatry; Psychobiology; Psychosis; Social and Behavioral Sciences; Structure-function relationships; Studies; Systematic review; Teenagers; Temporal Lobe - drug effects; Temporal Lobe - pathology; Temporal Lobe - physiopathology; Brazil; Australia; Spain
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055821

The growing concern about cannabis use, the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide, has led to a significant increase in the number of human studies using neuroimaging techniques to determine the effect of cannabis on brain structure and function. We conducted a systematic review to assess the evidence of the impact of chronic cannabis use on brain structure and function in adults and adolescents. Papers published until August 2012 were included from EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and LILACS databases following a comprehensive search strategy and pre-determined set of criteria for article selection. Only neuroimaging studies involving chronic cannabis users with a matched control group were considered. One hundred and forty-two studies were identified, of which 43 met the established criteria. Eight studies were in adolescent population. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence of morphological brain alterations in both population groups, particularly in the medial temporal and frontal cortices, as well as the cerebellum. These effects may be related to the amount of cannabis exposure. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest different patterns of resting global and brain activity during the performance of several cognitive tasks both in adolescents and adults, which may indicate compensatory effects in response to chronic cannabis exposure. However, the results pointed out methodological limitations of the work conducted to date and considerable heterogeneity in the findings. Chronic cannabis use may alter brain structure and function in adult and adolescent population. Further studies should consider the use of convergent methodology, prospective large samples involving adolescent to adulthood subjects, and data-sharing initiatives.