Mortality amongst patients with influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness, South Africa, 2009-2013

Data on the burden and risk groups for influenza-associated mortality from Africa are limited. We aimed to estimate the incidence and risk-factors for in-hospital influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) deaths. Hospitalised patients with SARI were enrolled prospectively in four...

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Published inPloS one Vol. 10; no. 3; p. e0118884
Main Authors Cohen, Cheryl, Moyes, Jocelyn, Tempia, Stefano, Groome, Michelle, Walaza, Sibongile, Pretorius, Marthi, Dawood, Halima, Chhagan, Meera, Haffejee, Summaya, Variava, Ebrahim, Kahn, Kathleen, von Gottberg, Anne, Wolter, Nicole, Cohen, Adam L, Malope-Kgokong, Babatyi, Venter, Marietjie, Madhi, Shabir A
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 18.03.2015
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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Summary:Data on the burden and risk groups for influenza-associated mortality from Africa are limited. We aimed to estimate the incidence and risk-factors for in-hospital influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) deaths. Hospitalised patients with SARI were enrolled prospectively in four provinces of South Africa from 2009-2013. Using polymerase chain reaction, respiratory samples were tested for ten respiratory viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA. The incidence of influenza-associated SARI deaths was estimated at one urban hospital with a defined catchment population. We enrolled 1376 patients with influenza-associated SARI and 3% (41 of 1358 with available outcome data) died. In patients with available HIV-status, the case-fatality proportion (CFP) was higher in HIV-infected (5%, 22/419) than HIV-uninfected individuals (2%, 13/620; p = 0.006). CFPs varied by age group, and generally increased with increasing age amongst individuals >5 years (p<0.001). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with death were age-group 45-64 years (odds ratio (OR) 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-16.3) and ≥65 years (OR 6.5, 95%CI 1.2-34.3) compared to 1-4 year age-group who had the lowest CFP, HIV-infection (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.1-7.8), underlying medical conditions other than HIV (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.2-7.3) and pneumococcal co-infection (OR 4.1, 95%CI 1.5-11.2). The estimated incidence of influenza-associated SARI deaths per 100,000 population was highest in children <1 year (20.1, 95%CI 12.1-31.3) and adults aged 45-64 years (10.4, 95%CI 8.4-12.9). Adjusting for age, the rate of death was 20-fold (95%CI 15.0-27.8) higher in HIV-infected individuals than HIV-uninfected individuals. Influenza causes substantial mortality in urban South Africa, particularly in infants aged <1 year and HIV-infected individuals. More widespread access to antiretroviral treatment and influenza vaccination may reduce this burden.
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Competing Interests: HD has received honoraria from Novartis and MSD and sponsored travel by Mylan. SAM has received honorarium from GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, Sanofi and MERCK. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Conceived and designed the experiments: CC JM ST MG SAM. Performed the experiments: CC JM ST MG SW MP HD MC SH EV KK AVG NW ALC BK MV SAM. Analyzed the data: CC ST. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CC JM ST MG SW MP HD MC SH EV KK AVG NW ALC BK MV SAM. Wrote the paper: CC JM ST MG SW MP HD MC SH EV KK AVG NW ALC BK MV SAM.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0118884