Where Have All the Giants Gone? How Animals Deal with the Problem of Size

• Published in: PLoS biology Vol. 15; no. 1; p. e2000473
• Main Authors: Dick, Taylor J M, Clemente, Christofer J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 11.01.2017; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Animals; Biology and Life Sciences; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Size; Body Weight; Bone and Bones - anatomy & histology; Earth Sciences; Endangered & extinct species; Extinction; Funding; Mammals - anatomy & histology; Mammals - physiology; Medicine and Health Sciences; Muscles - anatomy & histology; Posture - physiology; Running - physiology; Unsolved Mystery
• ISSN: 1545-7885; 1544-9173; 1545-7885
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000473

The survival of both the hunter and the hunted often comes down to speed. Yet how fast an animal can run is intricately linked to its size, such that the fastest animals are not the biggest nor the smallest. The ability to maintain high speeds is dependent on the body's capacity to withstand the high stresses involved with locomotion. Yet even when standing still, scaling principles would suggest that the mechanical stress an animal feels will increase in greater demand than its body can support. So if big animals want to be fast, they must find solutions to overcome these high stresses. This article explores the ways in which extant animals mitigate size-related increases in musculoskeletal stress in an effort to help understand where all the giants have gone.