The Value of Molecular vs. Morphometric and Acoustic Information for Species Identification Using Sympatric Molossid Bats

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 11; no. 3; p. e0150780
• Main Authors: Gager, Yann, Tarland, Emilia, Lieckfeldt, Dietmar, Ménage, Matthieu, Botero-Castro, Fidel, Rossiter, Stephen J, Kraus, Robert H S, Ludwig, Arne, Dechmann, Dina K N
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 04.03.2016; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acoustics; Animal behavior; Animal biology; Animals; Assemblies; Bats; Biodiversity; Biology; Biology and Life Sciences; Body mass; Body Weight; Chiroptera; Chiroptera - anatomy & histology; Chiroptera - genetics; Clusters; Coloration; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; Echolocation; Extremities; Extremities - anatomy & histology; Female; Forearm; Gene sequencing; Genes; Genetic Loci; Genetic markers; Genetics; Genomes; Genomics; Identification; Identification and classification; Life Sciences; Male; Markers; Medicine and Health Sciences; Microsatellite Repeats; Microsatellite Repeats - genetics; Microsatellites; Mitochondrial DNA; Molossidae; Molossus; Molossus bondae; Molossus coibensis; Molossus molossus; Morphology; Morphometrics (Biology); Multigene Family; Ornithology; Pelage; Phylogeny; Physiological aspects; Principal Component Analysis; Research and Analysis Methods; Sample Size; Skin Pigmentation; Sound Spectrography; Species; Species Specificity; Studies; Sympatric populations; Sympatry; Systematic review; Taxonomy; Wing loading; Wings, Animal; Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology; Sweden; Europe; Panama; Germany
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150780

A fundamental condition for any work with free-ranging animals is correct species identification. However, in case of bats, information on local species assemblies is frequently limited especially in regions with high biodiversity such as the Neotropics. The bat genus Molossus is a typical example of this, with morphologically similar species often occurring in sympatry. We used a multi-method approach based on molecular, morphometric and acoustic information collected from 962 individuals of Molossus bondae, M. coibensis, and M. molossus captured in Panama. We distinguished M. bondae based on size and pelage coloration. We identified two robust species clusters composed of M. molossus and M. coibensis based on 18 microsatellite markers but also on a more stringently determined set of four markers. Phylogenetic reconstructions using the mitochondrial gene co1 (DNA barcode) were used to diagnose these microsatellite clusters as M. molossus and M. coibensis. To differentiate species, morphological information was only reliable when forearm length and body mass were combined in a linear discriminant function (95.9% correctly identified individuals). When looking in more detail at M. molossus and M. coibensis, only four out of 13 wing parameters were informative for species differentiation, with M. coibensis showing lower values for hand wing area and hand wing length and higher values for wing loading. Acoustic recordings after release required categorization of calls into types, yielding only two informative subsets: approach calls and two-toned search calls. Our data emphasizes the importance of combining morphological traits and independent genetic data to inform the best choice and combination of discriminatory information used in the field. Because parameters can vary geographically, the multi-method approach may need to be adjusted to local species assemblies and populations to be entirely informative.