Vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with depression in patients with chronic kidney disease

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 12; no. 2; p. e0171009
• Main Authors: Jhee, Jong Hyun, Kim, Hyoungnae, Park, Seohyun, Yun, Hae-Ryong, Jung, Su-Young, Kee, Youn Kyung, Yoon, Chang-Yun, Park, Jung Tak, Han, Seung Hyeok, Kang, Shin-Wook, Yoo, Tae-Hyun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 13.02.2017; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Biology and life sciences; Care and treatment; Chronic illnesses; Chronic kidney failure; Comorbidity; Confidence intervals; Depression (Mood disorder); Depressive Disorder - blood; Depressive Disorder - epidemiology; Depressive Disorder - ethnology; Diabetes; Diagnostic systems; Dosage and administration; Female; Health aspects; Humans; Influence; Kidney diseases; Logistic Models; Male; Medical research; Medicine and health sciences; Mental depression; Middle Aged; Mortality; Multivariate Analysis; Nutrient deficiency; Nutrition; Nutrition Surveys - methods; Nutrition Surveys - statistics & numerical data; Patients; Physical sciences; Prevalence; Regression analysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - blood; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - epidemiology; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - ethnology; Republic of Korea - epidemiology; Risk Factors; Statistical analysis; Studies; Surveys; Vitamin D; Vitamin D - blood; Vitamin D deficiency; Vitamin D Deficiency - blood; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology; Vitamin D Deficiency - ethnology; Vitamin deficiency
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171009

Depression is reported to be the most common psychological problem in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several studies have reported that lower levels of serum vitamin D are significantly associated with depression. Both vitamin D deficiency and depression are prevalent in patients with CKD, yet the relationship between these two factors remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and depression among CKD patients. Totally, 21,257 individuals who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V, VI) from 2010-2014 were screened for the study; 533 CKD patients were included. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] ≤10 ng/mL. Patients were divided into vitamin D deficient or sufficient groups. Depression was screened for using the Korean version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. The association between vitamin D deficiency and depression was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The mean participant age was 70.1±9.4 years; 262 patients (49.2%) were male. The median 25(OH)D3 level was 19.1±6.9 ng/mL. The prevalence of depression was higher in CKD patients than in the general population (14.3 vs. 11.1%, P = 0.03). Additionally, the prevalence of depression was significantly higher in CKD patients with (vs. without) vitamin D deficiency (32.5% vs. 50.0%, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was a significant independent predictor of depression after adjusting for confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio, 6.15; 95% confidence interval, 2.02-8.75; P = 0.001). Depression was highly prevalent in CKD patients, in whom vitamin D deficiency was a significant independent predictor of depression. Therefore, management of vitamin D deficiency might help prevent depression in CKD patients.