Evidence for Sub-Haplogroup H5 of Mitochondrial DNA as a Risk Factor for Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA)...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 5; no. 8; p. e12037 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
06.08.2010
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD.
We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR=1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR=2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p=0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p=0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls.
Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. |
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| AbstractList | BackgroundAlzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD.Methodology/principal findingsWe applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR=1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR=2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p=0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p=0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls.ConclusionsOur results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD. Methodology/Principal Findings We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR = 1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR = 2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNA.sup.Gln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p = 0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p = 0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls. Conclusions Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD. We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR=1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR=2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p=0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p=0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls. Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD. We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR = 1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR = 2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNA.sup.Gln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p = 0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p = 0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls. Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD. Methodology/Principal Findings We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR = 1.85, 95% CI:1.04–3.23) in particular for females (OR = 2.19, 95% CI:1.06–4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p = 0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p = 0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls. Conclusions Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD. Methodology/Principal Findings We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR = 1.85, 95% CI:1.04–3.23) in particular for females (OR = 2.19, 95% CI:1.06–4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p = 0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p = 0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls. Conclusions Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD. We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR=1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR=2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p=0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p=0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls. Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD.BACKGROUNDAlzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Given the fundamental contribution of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the respiratory chain, there have been a number of studies investigating the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases, however no general consensus has been reached yet on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD.We applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR=1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR=2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p=0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p=0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGSWe applied for the first time a high resolution analysis (sequencing of displacement loop and restriction analysis of specific markers in the coding region of mtDNA) to investigate the possible association between mtDNA-inherited sequence variation and AD in 936 AD patients and 776 cognitively assessed normal controls from central and northern Italy. Among over 40 mtDNA sub-haplogroups analysed, we found that sub-haplogroup H5 is a risk factor for AD (OR=1.85, 95% CI:1.04-3.23) in particular for females (OR=2.19, 95% CI:1.06-4.51) and independently from the APOE genotype. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between H5 and age. When the whole sample is considered, the H5a subgroup of molecules, harboring the 4336 transition in the tRNAGln gene, already associated to AD in early studies, was about threefold more represented in AD patients than in controls (2.0% vs 0.8%; p=0.031), and it might account for the increased frequency of H5 in AD patients (4.2% vs 2.3%). The complete re-sequencing of the 56 mtDNAs belonging to H5 revealed that AD patients showed a trend towards a higher number (p=0.052) of sporadic mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes when compared with controls.Our results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD.CONCLUSIONSOur results indicate that high resolution analysis of inherited mtDNA sequence variation can help in identifying both ancient polymorphisms defining sub-haplogroups and the accumulation of sporadic mutations associated with complex traits such as AD. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Balducci, Elisa Chiamenti, Andrea Maria Olivieri, Fabiola Passarino, Giuseppe Nacmias, Benedetta Cardelli, Maurizio Gabelli, Carlo Salvioli, Stefano Rose, Giuseppina Binetti, Giuliano Benussi, Luisa Franceschi, Claudio Sorbi, Sandro Bellavista, Elena Achilli, Alessandro Crepaldi, Gaetano Tavano, Francesca Siviero, Paola Mishto, Michele Marchegiani, Francesca Ghidoni, Roberta Rosini, Francesca Balbi, Valentina Pirazzini, Chiara Torroni, Antonio Santoro, Aurelia Minicuci, Nadia |
| AuthorAffiliation | 13 Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy 2 CIG-Interdepartmental Center for Biophysics and Biocomplexity Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 10 Regional Center for Cerebral Aging, Valdagno, Vicenza, Italy 11 NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, “Centro S.Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli”, Brescia, Italy 4 Department of Cell and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy 1 Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 8 Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Australia 6 Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Charité, Berlin, Germany 3 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 12 Proteomics Unit, “Centro S.Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli”, Brescia, Italy 7 Italian National Research Center for Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Ancona, Italy 9 Department of Neurological and Psy |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 National Council Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy – name: 4 Department of Cell and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy – name: 9 Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy – name: 11 NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, “Centro S.Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli”, Brescia, Italy – name: 3 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy – name: 6 Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Charité, Berlin, Germany – name: 7 Italian National Research Center for Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Ancona, Italy – name: 1 Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy – name: 13 Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy – name: 10 Regional Center for Cerebral Aging, Valdagno, Vicenza, Italy – name: 12 Proteomics Unit, “Centro S.Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli”, Brescia, Italy – name: Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Australia – name: 2 CIG-Interdepartmental Center for Biophysics and Biocomplexity Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy – name: 8 Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Aurelia surname: Santoro fullname: Santoro, Aurelia – sequence: 2 givenname: Valentina surname: Balbi fullname: Balbi, Valentina – sequence: 3 givenname: Elisa surname: Balducci fullname: Balducci, Elisa – sequence: 4 givenname: Chiara surname: Pirazzini fullname: Pirazzini, Chiara – sequence: 5 givenname: Francesca surname: Rosini fullname: Rosini, Francesca – sequence: 6 givenname: Francesca surname: Tavano fullname: Tavano, Francesca – sequence: 7 givenname: Alessandro surname: Achilli fullname: Achilli, Alessandro – sequence: 8 givenname: Paola surname: Siviero fullname: Siviero, Paola – sequence: 9 givenname: Nadia surname: Minicuci fullname: Minicuci, Nadia – sequence: 10 givenname: Elena surname: Bellavista fullname: Bellavista, Elena – sequence: 11 givenname: Michele surname: Mishto fullname: Mishto, Michele – sequence: 12 givenname: Stefano surname: Salvioli fullname: Salvioli, Stefano – sequence: 13 givenname: Francesca surname: Marchegiani fullname: Marchegiani, Francesca – sequence: 14 givenname: Maurizio surname: Cardelli fullname: Cardelli, Maurizio – sequence: 15 givenname: Fabiola surname: Olivieri fullname: Olivieri, Fabiola – sequence: 16 givenname: Benedetta surname: Nacmias fullname: Nacmias, Benedetta – sequence: 17 givenname: Andrea Maria surname: Chiamenti fullname: Chiamenti, Andrea Maria – sequence: 18 givenname: Luisa surname: Benussi fullname: Benussi, Luisa – sequence: 19 givenname: Roberta surname: Ghidoni fullname: Ghidoni, Roberta – sequence: 20 givenname: Giuseppina surname: Rose fullname: Rose, Giuseppina – sequence: 21 givenname: Carlo surname: Gabelli fullname: Gabelli, Carlo – sequence: 22 givenname: Giuliano surname: Binetti fullname: Binetti, Giuliano – sequence: 23 givenname: Sandro surname: Sorbi fullname: Sorbi, Sandro – sequence: 24 givenname: Gaetano surname: Crepaldi fullname: Crepaldi, Gaetano – sequence: 25 givenname: Giuseppe surname: Passarino fullname: Passarino, Giuseppe – sequence: 26 givenname: Antonio surname: Torroni fullname: Torroni, Antonio – sequence: 27 givenname: Claudio surname: Franceschi fullname: Franceschi, Claudio |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20700462$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed that AD can... Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed... BackgroundAlzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed... Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among senile subjects. It has been proposed... |
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| SubjectTerms | Advertising executives Aged Aging Alzheimer Disease - genetics Alzheimer's disease Apolipoprotein E Apolipoproteins Biology Biophysics Case-Control Studies Coding Councils Dementia Dementia disorders Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA, Mitochondrial - genetics Drug therapy Electron transport Evolutionary Biology/Human Evolution Female Females Gene amplification Genetic aspects Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genetic research Genetics Genetics and Genomics/Complex Traits Genomes Genomics Haplotypes - genetics Health risks High resolution Humans Medical research Memory Mitochondrial DNA Motility Mutation Neurodegenerative diseases Neurological Disorders/Alzheimer Disease Neurosciences Oxidative phosphorylation Pathology Patients Phosphorylation Phylogeny Polymorphism, Genetic Polypeptides Public Health and Epidemiology/Epidemiology Regression analysis Risk factors rRNA Sepsis Studies Task forces Transfer RNA tRNA |
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| Title | Evidence for Sub-Haplogroup H5 of Mitochondrial DNA as a Risk Factor for Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20700462 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1292168838 https://www.proquest.com/docview/748936177 https://www.proquest.com/docview/755137731 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC2917370 https://doaj.org/article/9894e1651792487a9699a941862fe2c6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012037 |
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