The role of social connection on the experience of COVID-19 related post-traumatic growth and stress

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 16; no. 12; p. e0261384
• Main Authors: Matos, Marcela, McEwan, Kirsten, Kanovský, Martin, Halamová, Júlia, Steindl, Stanley R, Ferreira, Nuno, Linharelhos, Mariana, Rijo, Daniel, Asano, Kenichi, Vilas, Sara P, Márquez, Margarita G, Gregório, Sónia, Brito-Pons, Gonzalo, Lucena-Santos, Paola, Oliveira, Margareth da Silva, Souza, Erika Leonardo de, Llobenes, Lorena, Gumiy, Natali, Costa, Maria Ileana, Habib, Noor, Hakem, Reham, Khrad, Hussain, Alzahrani, Ahmad, Cheli, Simone, Petrocchi, Nicola, Tholouli, Elli, Issari, Philia, Simos, Gregoris, Lunding-Gregersen, Vibeke, Elklit, Ask, Kolts, Russell, Kelly, Allison C, Bortolon, Catherine, Delamillieure, Pascal, Paucsik, Marine, Wahl, Julia E, Zieba, Mariusz, Zatorski, Mateusz, Komendziński, Tomasz, Zhang, Shuge, Basran, Jaskaran, Kagialis, Antonios, Kirby, James, Gilbert, Paul
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 15.12.2021; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anxieties; Anxiety; Behavior modification; Biology and Life Sciences; Cognition & reasoning; Context; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; COVID-19 - psychology; Emotions; Empathy; Epidemics; Female; Funding; Health sciences; Humanities; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Kopernik, Mikolaj (Nicolaus Copernicus) (1473-1543); Loneliness - psychology; Male; Medical research; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mental depression; Mental health; Middle Aged; Neuropsychology; Neurosciences; Pandemics; Post traumatic stress disorder; Post-traumatic growth; Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Psychiatry; Psychological aspects; Psychological stress; Psychology; Public health; Qualitative research; Risk factors; SARS-CoV-2; Skewness; Social aspects; Social interactions; Social Isolation - psychology; Social Sciences; Social Support; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - epidemiology; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology; Young Adult; United States; Argentina; Athens Greece; United Kingdom > UK; Cyprus; Portugal; Madrid Spain; Spain; Saudi Arabia; Greece; Poland; Denmark; Brazil; Slovakia; Australia; France; Chile
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261384

Historically social connection has been an important way through which humans have coped with large-scale threatening events. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns have deprived people of major sources of social support and coping, with others representing threats. Hence, a major stressor during the pandemic has been a sense of social disconnection and loneliness. This study explores how people's experience of compassion and feeling socially safe and connected, in contrast to feeling socially disconnected, lonely and fearful of compassion, effects the impact of perceived threat of COVID-19 on post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress. Adult participants from the general population (N = 4057) across 21 countries worldwide, completed self-report measures of social connection (compassion for self, from others, for others; social safeness), social disconnection (fears of compassion for self, from others, for others; loneliness), perceived threat of COVID-19, post-traumatic growth and traumatic stress. Perceived threat of COVID-19 predicted increased post-traumatic growth and traumatic stress. Social connection (compassion and social safeness) predicted higher post-traumatic growth and traumatic stress, whereas social disconnection (fears of compassion and loneliness) predicted increased traumatic symptoms only. Social connection heightened the impact of perceived threat of COVID-19 on post-traumatic growth, while social disconnection weakened this impact. Social disconnection magnified the impact of the perceived threat of COVID-19 on traumatic stress. These effects were consistent across all countries. Social connection is key to how people adapt and cope with the worldwide COVID-19 crisis and may facilitate post-traumatic growth in the context of the threat experienced during the pandemic. In contrast, social disconnection increases vulnerability to develop post-traumatic stress in this threatening context. Public health and Government organizations could implement interventions to foster compassion and feelings of social safeness and reduce experiences of social disconnection, thus promoting growth, resilience and mental wellbeing during and following the pandemic.