The ambiguous meanings of the racial/ethnic categories routinely used in human genetics research

• Published in: Social science & medicine (1982) Vol. 66; no. 2; pp. 349 - 361
• Main Authors: Hunt, Linda M., Megyesi, Mary S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.01.2008; Elsevier; Pergamon Press Inc
• Series: Social Science & Medicine
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Bioethics; Biological and medical sciences; Biomedical Research; Canada; Classification; Continental Population Groups - classification; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethics; Ethnic groups; Ethnic Groups - classification; Ethnicity; Female; Genetics; Genetics, Population; Health disparities; Health inequality; Human genetics; Humans; Interviews; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medical research; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Minority Groups - classification; Miscellaneous; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Race; Race Ethnic groups Human genetics Health disparities Bioethics USA Canada; Research Design; Science; Scientists; Studies; Teaching. Deontology. Ethics. Legislation; U.S.A; United States; United States of America; USA; Canada; United States; North America; America; United States > US; Canada; USA; Race; Ethnic groups; Bioethics; Human genetics; Health disparities; Human; Ethnic origin; Use; Ethnic group; Ethics; Scientific research; Genetics; Social medicine; Categorization; Public health; Ambiguity; Inequality
• ISSN: 0277-9536; 1873-5347
• DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.08.034

Many researchers are currently studying the distribution of genetic variations among diverse groups, with particular interest in explaining racial/ethnic health disparities. However, the use of racial/ethnic categories as variables in biological research is controversial. Just how racial/ethnic categories are conceptualized, operationalized, and interpreted is a key consideration in determining the legitimacy of their use, but has received little attention. We conducted semi-structured, open-ended interviews with 30 human genetics scientists from the US and Canada who use racial/ethnic variables in their research. They discussed the types of classifications they use, the criteria upon which they are based, and their methods for classifying individual samples and subjects. We found definitions of racial/ethnic variables were often lacking or unclear, the specific categories they used were inconsistent and context specific, and classification practices were often implicit and unexamined. We conclude that such conceptual and practical problems are inherent to routinely used racial/ethnic categories themselves, and that they lack sufficient rigor to be used as key variables in biological research. It is our position that it is unacceptable to persist in the constructing of scientific arguments based on these highly ambiguous variables.