Phylogenetic characterization of H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Indonesia from 2003–2007

• Published in: Virology (New York, N.Y.) Vol. 390; no. 1; pp. 13 - 21
• Main Authors: Takano, Ryo, Nidom, Chairul A., Kiso, Maki, Muramoto, Yukiko, Yamada, Shinya, Sakai-Tagawa, Yuko, Macken, Catherine, Kawaoka, Yoshihiro
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 20.07.2009
• Subjects: Animals; classification; Evolution; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Viral; genetics; Genotype; H5N1 subtype; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus - genetics; hemagglutinins; Humans; Indonesia; Infectious Disease; Influenza; Influenza A virus; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - classification; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - genetics; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - isolation & purification; isolation & purification; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogenetic analysis; Phylogeny; Poultry; Poultry - virology; reassortant viruses; Reassortment; Time Factors; virology; Indonesia; Phylogenetic analysis; Evolution; H5N1 subtype; Reassortment; Influenza; Indonesia
• ISSN: 0042-6822; 1096-0341
• DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.024

The wide distribution of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses is a global threat to human health. Indonesia has had the largest number of human infections and fatalities caused by these viruses. To understand the enzootic conditions of the viruses in Indonesia, twenty-four H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry from 2003 to 2007 were phylogenetically characterized. Although previous studies exclusively classified the Indonesian viruses into clades 2.1.1–2.1.3, our phylogenetic analyses showed a new sublineage that did not belong to any of the present clades. In addition, novel reassortant viruses were identified that emerged between this new sublineage and other clades in 2005–2006 on Java Island. H5N1 viruses were introduced from Java Island to Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Sumatra Island on multiple occasions from 2003–2007, causing the geographical expansion of these viruses in Indonesia. These findings identify Java Island as the epicenter of the Indonesian H5N1 virus expansion.