Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

• Published in: Nature Medicine Vol. 29; no. 11; pp. 2885 - 2901
• Main Authors: Zhou, Bin, Sheffer, Kate E., Bennett, James E., Gregg, Edward W., Danaei, Goodarz, Singleton, Rosie K., Shaw, Jonathan E., Mishra, Anu, Lhoste, Victor P. F., Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Kengne, Andre P., Phelps, Nowell H., Heap, Rachel A., Rayner, Archie W., Stevens, Gretchen A., Paciorek, Chris J., Riley, Leanne M., Cowan, Melanie J., Savin, Stefan, Vander Hoorn, Stephen, Lu, Yuan, Pavkov, Meda E., Imperatore, Giuseppina, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Ahmad, Noor Ani, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Davletov, Kairat, Farzadfar, Farshad, González-Villalpando, Clicerio, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Hyeon Chang, Laatikainen, Tiina, Laxmaiah, Avula, Mbanya, Jean Claude N., Narayan, K. M. Venkat, Ramachandran, Ambady, Wade, Alisha N., Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Rahim, Hanan F. Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Adambekov, Shalkar, Adams, Robert J., Aekplakorn, Wichai, Agdeppa, Imelda A., Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadi, Nastaran, Ahmed, Soheir H., Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hinai, Halima, Al-Lahou, Badreya, Al-Lawati, Jawad A., Asfoor, Deena Al, Al Qaoud, Nawal M., Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Aldwairji, Maryam A., Ali, Mohamed M., Alinezhad, Farbod, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alomirah, Husam F., Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N., Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Andrade, Dolores S., Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Aris, Tahir, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K., Assah, Felix K., Assembekov, Batyrbek, Auvinen, Juha, Avdičová, Mária, Azad, Kishwar, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Bacopoulou, Flora, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, José R., Barbagallo, Carlo M., Barceló, Alberto, Baretić, Maja, Barrera, Lena, Basit, Abdul, Batieha, Anwar M., Batista, Aline P., Baur, Louise A., Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benet, Mikhail, Berkinbayev, Salim
• Format: Journal Article Magazine Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Nature Publishing Group US 2023; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 692/308/174; 692/53/2421; 692/699/2743/137; 692/700/139; 692/700/478; Allmän medicin; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Blood Glucose; Cancer Research; Clinical Medicine; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus - diagnosis; Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology; Diagnosis; Diagnostic markers; Endocrinology and Diabetes; Endokrinologi och diabetes; Epidemiology; Family Medicine; Fasting; Glucose; glucose blood level; Glycated Hemoglobin; Hemoglobin; human; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Income; Infectious Diseases; Klinisk medicin; Low income groups; Mathematical analysis; Medical and Health Sciences; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Metabolic Diseases; Molecular Medicine; Neurosciences; Population studies; Population-based studies; Prevalence; Public health; Screening; Surveys
• ISSN: 1078-8956; 1546-170X; 1546-170X; 1744-7933
• DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02610-2

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance. Analysis of HbA1c and FPG levels across 117 population-based studies demonstrates regional variation in prevalence of previously undiagnosed screen-detected diabetes using one or both measures and suggests that use of elevated FPG alone could underestimate diabetes prevalence in low- and middle-income countries.