Disseminated Infection by Scedosporium/Lomentospora during Induction Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Complicated by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

• Published in: Internal Medicine Vol. 63; no. 10; pp. 1465 - 1471
• Main Authors: Kitahara, Mari, Sumi, Masahiko, Kazumoto, Hiroko, Shishido, Tsutomu, Ueki, Toshimitsu, Hiroshima, Yuki, Kamei, Katsuhiko, Kobayashi, Hikaru
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Japan The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine 15.05.2024; Japan Science and Technology Agency
• Subjects: Acute myeloid leukemia; Aged; Autopsy; Case Report; Chemotherapy; Disseminated infection; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunocompromised hosts; Induction Chemotherapy; Induction therapy; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute - complications; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute - drug therapy; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute - microbiology; Lomentospora prolificans; Lung diseases; Male; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - complications; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - diagnosis; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - drug therapy; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - microbiology; Mycoses - diagnosis; Mycoses - drug therapy; Mycoses - microbiology; Myelosuppression; nontuberculous mycobacteria; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria - isolation & purification; Scedosporium - isolation & purification; Scedosporium aurantiacum; nontuberculous mycobacteria; Lomentospora prolificans; Scedosporium aurantiacum; acute myeloid leukemia
• ISSN: 0918-2918; 1349-7235; 1349-7235
• DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2159-23

Scedosporium/Lomentospora infections are rare and are associated with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. A 69-year-old man with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) died during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia because of multiple organ failure due to pneumonia. During an autopsy, Lomentospora prolificans was detected using a fungal gene analysis of the blood, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and intestines, and Scedosporium aurantiacum was detected in the lungs. NTM disease may predispose patients to Scedosporium/Lomentospora infections. Physicians should consider Scedosporium/Lomentospora spp. as an invasive fungal infection that occurs during myelosuppression, particularly when NTM is a complication.