Variable susceptibility of intestinal organoid-derived monolayers to SARS-CoV-2 infection

• Published in: PLoS biology Vol. 20; no. 3; p. e3001592
• Main Authors: Jang, Kyung Ku, Kaczmarek, Maria E, Dallari, Simone, Chen, Ying-Han, Tada, Takuya, Axelrad, Jordan, Landau, Nathaniel R, Stapleford, Kenneth A, Cadwell, Ken
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 31.03.2022; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: ACE2; Angiotensin; Angiotensin I; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 - genetics; Biology and life sciences; Biopsy; Cell culture; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Enzymes; Epithelium; Gene expression; Heterogeneity; Humans; Infections; Infectivity; Inflammatory bowel disease; Interferon; Intestine; Medicine and health sciences; Microscopy; Monolayers; Organoids; Replication; Research and Analysis Methods; Respiratory diseases; SARS-CoV-2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Short Reports; Stem cells; Tissues; Transcription; Transcriptomics; Tropism; Viral diseases; Viral infections; Viruses
• ISSN: 1545-7885; 1544-9173; 1545-7885
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001592

Gastrointestinal effects associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are highly variable for reasons that are not understood. In this study, we used intestinal organoid-derived cultures differentiated from primary human specimens as a model to examine interindividual variability. Infection of intestinal organoids derived from different donors with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in orders of magnitude differences in virus replication in small intestinal and colonic organoid-derived monolayers. Susceptibility to infection correlated with angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression level and was independent of donor demographic or clinical features. ACE2 transcript levels in cell culture matched the amount of ACE2 in primary tissue, indicating that this feature of the intestinal epithelium is retained in the organoids. Longitudinal transcriptomics of organoid-derived monolayers identified a delayed yet robust interferon signature, the magnitude of which corresponded to the degree of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, virus with the Omicron variant spike (S) protein infected the organoids with the highest infectivity, suggesting increased tropism of the virus for intestinal tissue. These results suggest that heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 replication in intestinal tissues results from differences in ACE2 levels, which may underlie variable patient outcomes.