Therapeutic efficacy of Chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infection in Shewa Robit, Northeast Ethiopia

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 18; no. 1; p. e0277362
• Main Authors: Belay, Habtamu, Alemu, Megbaru, Hailu, Tadesse, Mohammed, Hussein, Sime, Heven, Hailegeorgies, Henok, Gidey, Bokretsion, Haile, Mebrahtom, Assefa, Gudissa, Bekele, Worku, Alebachew Reta, Mihreteab, Almaw Tamene, Andargachew, Tasew, Geremew, Assefa, Ashenafi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 12.01.2023; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Antimalarials; Antimalarials - therapeutic use; Biology and Life Sciences; Blood; Care and treatment; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Chloroquine - therapeutic use; Complications and side effects; Drug dosages; Drug resistance; Drug therapy; Effectiveness; Ethiopia - epidemiology; Gametocytes; Health aspects; Health surveillance; Hemoglobin; Hemoglobins; Humans; In vivo methods and tests; Infant; Infection; Infections; Laboratories; Malaria; Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology; Medicine and Health Sciences; Middle Aged; Parasite resistance; Parasites; Patient outcomes; Patients; People and Places; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Population; Prospective Studies; Research and Analysis Methods; Signs and symptoms; Treatment Outcome; Vector-borne diseases; Womens health; Young Adult; Ethiopia
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277362

The development of drug resistance to chloroquine is posing a challenge in the prevention and control efforts of malaria globally. Chloroquine is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated P.vivax in Ethiopia. Regular monitoring of anti-malarial drugs is recommended to help early detection of drug-resistant strains of malaria parasites before widely distributed. The emergence of P.vivax resistance to chloroquine in the country endangers the efficacy of P.vivax treatment. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine among uncomplicated P.vivax infections at Shewa Robit Health Center, northeast Ethiopia. One-arm in vivo prospective chloroquine efficacy study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021. Ninety participants aged between 16 months to 60 years confirmed with P.vivax mono-infection microscopically were selected and treated with a 25 mg/kg standard dose of chloroquine over three days. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and examined. Clinical examination was performed over 28 follow-up days. Hemoglobin concentration level was measured on days 0, 14, and 28. Of the 90 enrolled participants, 86 (96%) completed their 28 days follow-up period. The overall cure rate of the drug was 98.8% (95% CI: 95.3-100%). All asexual stages and gametocytes were cleared within 48 hours with rapid clearance of fever. Hemoglobin concentration had significantly recovered between days 0 and 14, 0 and 28, and 14 and 28 days (P = 0.032, P<0.001, and P = 0.005), respectively. Fast resolution of clinical signs and symptoms was also observed. Severe adverse events were not recorded. The present study revealed that chloroquine remains an efficacious and safe drug in the study setting for treating uncomplicated P.vivax in the study area. Large-scale continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the development of resistance in due time.