Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 17; no. 4; p. e0266749
• Main Authors: Wade, Timothy J, Arnold, Benjamin F, Schiff, Ken, Colford, Jr, John M, Weisberg, Stephen B, Griffith, John F, Dufour, Alfred P
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 12.04.2022; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adolescents; Adult; Adults; Age groups; Bacteria; Bathing Beaches; Beaches; Biology and Life Sciences; Child, Preschool; Children; Consent; Contamination; E coli; Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Enterococcus; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Environmental protection; Epidemiology; Exposure; Fecal coliforms; Feces; Feces - microbiology; Gastrointestinal diseases; Gastrointestinal symptoms; Health aspects; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Humans; Illnesses; Infections; Medicine and Health Sciences; Methods; Parks & recreation areas; Pathogens; People and Places; Polymerase chain reaction; R&D; Recreational waters; Regression analysis; Regression models; Research & development; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Skin diseases; Swimming; Water - analysis; Water Microbiology; Water pollution; Water Pollution - analysis; Water quality; United States; Costa Mesa California; Southern California; San Francisco California; California; United States > US
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266749

Children may be at higher risk for swimming-associated illness following exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational waters. We analyzed a pooled data set of over 80,000 beachgoers from 13 beach sites across the United States to compare risks associated with the fecal indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. (measured by colony forming units, CFU and quantitative polymerase chain reaction cell equivalents, qPCR CE) for different age groups across different exposures, sites and health endpoints. Sites were categorized according to the predominant type of fecal contamination (human or non-human). Swimming exposures of varying intensity were considered according to degree of contact and time spent in the water. Health endpoints included gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms and skin rashes. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk of illness as a function of fecal contamination in water as measured by Enterococcus spp. among the exposed groups. Non-swimmers (those who did not enter the water) were excluded from the models to reduce bias and facilitate comparison across groups. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the most sensitive health endpoint and strongest associations were observed with Enterococcus qPCR CE at sites impacted by human fecal contamination. Under several exposure scenarios, associations between illness and Enterococcus spp. levels were significantly higher among children compared to adolescents and adults. Respiratory symptoms were also associated with Enterococcus spp. exposures among young children at sites affected by human fecal sources, although small sample sizes resulted in imprecise estimates for these associations. Under many exposure scenarios, children were at higher risk of illness associated with exposure to fecal contamination as measured by the indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. The source of fecal contamination and the intensity of swimming exposure were also important factors affecting the association between Enterococcus spp. and swimming-associated illness.