Patterns of Snow Leopard Site Use in an Increasingly Human-Dominated Landscape

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 11; no. 5; p. e0155309
• Main Authors: Alexander, Justine Shanti, Gopalaswamy, Arjun M, Shi, Kun, Hughes, Joelene, Riordan, Philip
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 12.05.2016; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Animals; Biology and Life Sciences; Carnivores; China; Conservation; Conservation of Natural Resources; Data processing; Disturbances; Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Ecosystem; Endangered & extinct species; Engineering and Technology; Environmental aspects; Environmental protection; Felidae - physiology; Geography; Habitats; Herding; Human influences; Human populations; Humans; Influence; Land use; Landscape; Livestock; Mining; Models, Theoretical; Mountains; Natural resources; Panthera pardus; Panthera uncia; People and Places; Polls & surveys; Population growth; Prey; Probability; Protection and preservation; Pseudois nayaur; Sheep; Snow; Snow leopard; United Kingdom; Wildcats; Wildlife; Wildlife conservation; Wildlife habitats; Zoology; United Kingdom; China
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155309

Human population growth and concomitant increases in demand for natural resources pose threats to many wildlife populations. The landscapes used by the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and their prey is increasingly subject to major changes in land use. We aimed to assess the influence of 1) key human activities, as indicated by the presence of mining and livestock herding, and 2) the presence of a key prey species, the blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), on probability of snow leopard site use across the landscape. In Gansu Province, China, we conducted sign surveys in 49 grid cells, each of 16 km2 in size, within a larger area of 3392 km2. We analysed the data using likelihood-based habitat occupancy models that explicitly account for imperfect detection and spatial auto-correlation between survey transect segments. The model-averaged estimate of snow leopard occupancy was high [0.75 (SE 0.10)], but only marginally higher than the naïve estimate (0.67). Snow leopard segment-level probability of detection, given occupancy on a 500 m spatial replicate, was also high [0.68 (SE 0.08)]. Prey presence was the main determinant of snow leopard site use, while human disturbances, in the form of mining and herding, had low predictive power. These findings suggest that snow leopards continue to use areas very close to such disturbances, as long as there is sufficient prey. Improved knowledge about the effect of human activity on large carnivores, which require large areas and intact prey populations, is urgently needed for conservation planning at the local and global levels. We highlight a number of methodological considerations that should guide the design of such research.