Chocolate and health-related quality of life: a prospective study

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 10; no. 4; p. e0123161
• Main Authors: Balboa-Castillo, Teresa, López-García, Esther, León-Muñoz, Luz M, Pérez-Tasigchana, Raúl F, Banegas, José Ramón, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Guallar-Castillón, Pilar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 22.04.2015; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis; Blood pressure; Cacao; Chocolate; Cholesterol; Confidence intervals; Consumption; Data processing; Diabetes mellitus; Eating; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Insulin; Male; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Obesity; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Regression analysis; Statistical analysis; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123161

Chocolate consumption has been associated with a short-term reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol, and improvement of insulin sensitivity; however, participants could not be aware of presenting hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, the effect of chocolate on mental health is uncertain. This study assessed the association of regular chocolate consumption with the physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) components of health-related quality of life (HRQL). We analyzed data from a cohort of 4599 individuals recruited in 2008-2010 and followed-up once prospectively to January 2013 (follow-up mean: 3.5 years). Regular chocolate consumption was assessed at baseline with a validated diet history. HRQL was assessed with the SF-12 v.2 at baseline and at follow-up. Analyses were performed with linear regression and adjusted for the main confounders, including HRQL at baseline. At baseline, 72% of the study participants did not consume chocolate, 11% consumed ≤10 g/day and 17% >10 g/day. Chocolate consumption at baseline did not show an association with PCS and MCS of the SF-12 measured three years later. Compared to those who did not consume chocolate, the PCS scores were similar in those who consumed ≤10 g/day (beta: -0.07; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): -0.94 to 0.80) and in those who consumed >10 g/day (beta: 0.02; 95% CI:-0.71 to 0.75); corresponding figures for the MCS were 0.29; 95% CI: -0.67 to 1.26, and -0.57; 95%CI: -1.37 to 0.23. Similar results were found for sex, regardless of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes or depression. No evidence was found of an association between chocolate intake and the physical or mental components of HRQL.