Apple peel polyphenols and their beneficial actions on oxidative stress and inflammation

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 8; no. 1; p. e53725
• Main Authors: Denis, Marie Claude, Furtos, Alexandra, Dudonné, Stéphanie, Montoudis, Alain, Garofalo, Carole, Desjardins, Yves, Delvin, Edgard, Levy, Emile
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 23.01.2013; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acids; Antioxidants; Antioxidants (Nutrients); Antioxidants - chemistry; Antioxidants - isolation & purification; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Ascorbic acid; Ascorbic Acid - chemistry; Ascorbic Acid - pharmacology; Bioavailability; Biochemistry; Biology; Biosynthesis; Caco-2 Cells; Chemistry; COX-2 inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase 2 - genetics; Cyclooxygenase 2 - metabolism; Cyclooxygenase-2; Cytokines; Enzymes; Fatty acids; Ferrous Compounds - chemistry; Ferrous Compounds - pharmacology; Flavonoids; Fluorescence; Functional foods & nutraceuticals; Gastric Mucosa - cytology; Gastric Mucosa - drug effects; Gastric Mucosa - metabolism; Gene Expression - drug effects; Glutathione Reductase - genetics; Glutathione Reductase - metabolism; Glycosides; High performance liquid chromatography; Homeostasis; Hospitals; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation - metabolism; Inflammation - prevention & control; Inflammatory bowel diseases; Inflammatory diseases; Interleukin 6; Interleukin-6 - genetics; Interleukin-6 - metabolism; Intestine; Iron; Ischemia; Lipid peroxidation; Lipid Peroxidation - drug effects; Lipopolysaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology; Liquid chromatography; Malondialdehyde; Malus - chemistry; Medicine; Metabolism; Microbiota; Mitochondria; Mitogens; Models, Biological; Mucosa; NF-kappa B - genetics; NF-kappa B - metabolism; Nutrition; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Oxygen; Peroxidation; Phenolic acids; Phenols; Polyphenols; Polyphenols - chemistry; Polyphenols - isolation & purification; Polyphenols - pharmacology; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Procyanidins; Prostaglandin E2; Prostaglandins E; Reactive oxygen species; Rodents; Superoxide Dismutase - genetics; Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - genetics; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Unsaturated fatty acids; Canada; Montreal Quebec Canada; Quebec Canada
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053725

Since gastrointestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species from various sources, the presence of antioxidants may contribute to the body's natural defenses against inflammatory diseases. To define the polyphenols extracted from dried apple peels (DAPP) and determine their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in the intestine. Caco-2/15 cells were used to study the role of DAPP preventive actions against oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation induced by iron-ascorbate (Fe/Asc) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. The combination of HPLC with fluorescence detection, HPLC-ESI-MS TOF and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS QQQ allowed us to characterize the phenolic compounds present in the DAPP (phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, flavan-3-ols, procyanidins). The addition of Fe/Asc to Caco-2/15 cells induced OxS as demonstrated by the rise in malondialdehyde, depletion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and alterations in the activity of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, GPx, G-Red). However, preincubation with DAPP prevented Fe/Asc-mediated lipid peroxidation and counteracted LPS-mediated inflammation as evidenced by the down-regulation of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and prostaglandin E2. The mechanisms of action triggered by DAPP induced also a down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor-κB, respectively. These actions were accompanied by the induction of Nrf2 (orchestrating cellular antioxidant defenses and maintaining redox homeostasis), and PGC-1α (the "master controller" of mitochondrial biogenesis). Our findings provide evidence of the capacity of DAPP to reduce OxS and inflammation, two pivotal processes involved in inflammatory bowel diseases.