Epidemic and Endemic Malaria Transmission Related to Fish Farming Ponds in the Amazon Frontier

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 10; no. 9; p. e0137521
• Main Authors: Reis, Izabel Cristina Dos, Honório, Nildimar Alves, Barros, Fábio Saito Monteiro de, Barcellos, Christovam, Kitron, Uriel, Camara, Daniel Cardoso Portela, Pereira, Glaucio Rocha, Keppeler, Erlei Cassiano, da Silva-Nunes, Mônica, Codeço, Cláudia Torres
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 11.09.2015; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Abundance; Analysis; Animals; Anopheles - physiology; Anopheles darlingi; Aquaculture; Biomass; Brazil; Deforestation; Disease transmission; Economic development; Epidemics; Farm ponds; Farming; Fish; Fish farming; Fish farms; Fish ponds; Fisheries; Health aspects; Humans; Malaria; Malaria - epidemiology; Malaria - transmission; Pond construction; Ponds; Risk factors; Rural areas; Vector-borne diseases; Brazil
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137521

Fish farming in the Amazon has been stimulated as a solution to increase economic development. However, poorly managed fish ponds have been sometimes associated with the presence of Anopheles spp. and consequently, with malaria transmission. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria in the state of Acre (and more closely within a single county) to investigate the potential links between aquaculture and malaria transmission in this region. At the state level, we classified the 22 counties into three malaria endemicity patterns, based on the correlation between notification time series. Furthermore, the study period (2003-2013) was divided into two phases (epidemic and post-epidemic). Higher fish pond construction coincided both spatially and temporally with increased rate of malaria notification. Within one malaria endemic county, we investigated the relationship between the geolocation of malaria cases (2011-2012) and their distance to fish ponds. Entomological surveys carried out in these ponds provided measurements of anopheline abundance that were significantly associated with the abundance of malaria cases within 100 m of the ponds (P < 0.005; r = 0.39). These results taken together suggest that fish farming contributes to the maintenance of high transmission levels of malaria in this region.