Improving viral load testing using a quality improvement approach in Blantyre, Malawi

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 17; no. 6; p. e0269062
• Main Authors: Kamwendo, Angella J, Hosseinipour, Mina C, Kagura, Juliana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 08.06.2022; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS; Antiretroviral drugs; Biology and Life Sciences; Charts; Clinical outcomes; Computer and Information Sciences; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Data collection; Design of experiments; Disease transmission; Drug resistance; Electronic health records; Electronic medical records; Evaluation; Experimental design; Health care facilities; Health facilities; Leadership; Medical tests; Medicine and Health Sciences; Patients; People and Places; Quality control; Quality improvement; Root cause analysis; Sustainability; Urban health; Malawi
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269062

Viral load (VL) testing coverage remains low particularly in resource limited countries despite recommendation by World Health Organization, and Malawi is no exception. A quality improvement (QI) approach was used to improve VL testing coverage from 27% to a target of 80% at an urban health facility in Malawi. A QI study employing a time-series quasi-experimental design with no comparison group was conducted at Chilomoni health centre in Blantyre from April 2020 to July 2020. A retrospective record review of all patient records (257) from 8 weeks before the study was conducted to determine baseline VL testing coverage. Root cause analysis of low VL testing coverage was done using fish-bone tool and factors prioritized using a Pareto-chart. Priority factors included inadequate capacity to update electronic medical records and competing tasks. Change ideas were identified and prioritized using an effort-impact matrix. Two change ideas; re-orienting ART providers on VL test order in EMR and dedicated ART provider to serve VL tested patients were implemented and tested in 5 Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles from the Model for Improvement (MFI), each lasting one week. The latter was tested, and adapted in 3 cycles, and eventually adopted for monitoring for another 5 weeks. VL testing coverage was tracked throughout the study using run charts and p-charts. VL testing coverage increased from 27% to 71% by the end of the study, with children aged 0 to 14 years having the lowest coverage throughout the study. The MFI as a QI approach improved VL testing coverage through implementation of contextualized change ideas. A reliable data system, leadership buy-in and commitment are important for sustained improvement. Future research should focus on evaluating sustainability of improved VL testing coverage at the health facility and assessing barriers to VL testing among the paediatric population.