The incidence and types of medication errors in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in resource-constrained settings

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 9; no. 1; p. e87338
• Main Authors: Agu, Kenneth Anene, Oqua, Dorothy, Adeyanju, Zainab, Isah, Muhammadu Alfa, Adesina, Afusat, Ohiaeri, Samuel I, Ali, Pollock N, Ekechukwu, Nnenna, Akpakwu, Augustine Adah, Sani, Tindak, Omeh, Idoko Onuche, King, Rosalyn C, Wutoh, Anthony K
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 28.01.2014; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; AIDS; AIDS treatment; Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use; Antiretroviral agents; Antiretroviral drugs; Antiretroviral therapy; Cohort Studies; Drug interaction; Drug Interactions; Drugs; Female; Health care facilities; Health facilities; Health Facilities - statistics & numerical data; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV; HIV Infections - drug therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Incidence; Male; Medical errors; Medical research; Medication errors; Medication Errors - statistics & numerical data; Medicine; Nigeria; Patients; Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacists; Refilling; Screening; Sexually transmitted diseases; Statistical tests; STD; Therapy; Nigeria; Washington DC; United States > US
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087338

This study assessed the incidence and types of medication errors, interventions and outcomes in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in selected HIV treatment centres in Nigeria. Of 69 health facilities that had program for active screening of medication errors, 14 were randomly selected for prospective cohort assessment. All patients who filled/refilled their antiretroviral medications between February 2009 and March 2011 were screened for medication errors using study-specific pharmaceutical care daily worksheet (PCDW). All potential or actual medication errors identified, interventions provided and the outcomes were documented in the PCDW. Interventions included pharmaceutical care in HIV training for pharmacists amongst others. Chi-square was used for inferential statistics and P<0.05 indicated statistical significance. Of 6,882 participants, 67.0% were female and 93.5% were aged ≥ 15 years old. The participants had 110,070 medications filling/refilling visits, average (± SD) of 16.0 (± 0.3) visits per patient over the observation period. Patients were followed up for 9172.5 person-years. The number of drug items dispensed to participants was 305,584, average of 2.8 (± 0.1) drug items per patient. The incidence rate of medication errors was 40.5 per 100 person-years. The occurrence of medication errors was not associated with participants' sex and age (P>0.05). The major medications errors identified were 26.4% incorrect ART regimens prescribed; 19.8% potential drug-drug interaction or contraindication present; and 16.6% duration and/or frequency of medication inappropriate. Interventions provided included 67.1% cases of prescriber contacted to clarify/resolve errors and 14.7% cases of patient counselling and education; 97.4% of potential/actual medication error(s) were resolved. The incidence rate of medication errors was somewhat high; and majority of identified errors were related to prescription of incorrect ART regimens and potential drug-drug interactions; the prescriber was contacted and the errors were resolved in majority of cases. Active screening for medication errors is feasible in resource-limited settings following a capacity building intervention.