The lead and cadmium content in rice and risk to human health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 17; no. 12; p. e0278686
• Main Authors: Huang, Xianliang, Zhao, Bo, Wu, Yanlei, Tan, Mingtian, Shen, Lisha, Feng, Guirong, Yang, Xiaoshan, Chen, Shiqi, Xiong, Youming, Zhang, En, Zhou, Hongyu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 15.12.2022; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adult; Biology and Life Sciences; Cadmium; Cadmium - analysis; Cadmium content; Child; China; Crop yields; Dry weight; Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Environmental protection; Food Contamination - analysis; Food safety; Health aspects; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Heavy metal content; Heavy metals; Humans; Lead; Lead - analysis; Management; Mass spectrometry; Medicine and Health Sciences; Meta-analysis; Metals, Heavy - analysis; Oryza; People and Places; Physical Sciences; Pollutants; Production management; Research and Analysis Methods; Rice; Risk Assessment; Sample size; Scientific imaging; Soil Pollutants - analysis; Weight; China; United States > US; Yangtze River
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278686

Numerous studies have investigated concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in rice in China, but have come to divergent conclusions. Therefore we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the available evidence on levels of Pb and Cd in rice in different regions of China in order to assess the potential risk to human health. The meta-analysis included 24 studies of Pb levels and 29 studies of Cd levels, published in 2011-2021. The pooled Pb concentration in rice was 0.10 mg per kg dry weight (95% CI 0.08-0.11), while the pooled Cd concentration was 0.16 mg per kg dry weight (95% CI 0.14-0.18). These levels are within the limits specified by national food safety standards. However, the total target hazard quotient for both metals exceeded 1.0 for adults and children, suggesting that rice consumption poses a health risk.