Plasma midkine concentrations in healthy children, children with increased and decreased adiposity, and children with short stature

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 14; no. 10; p. e0224103
• Main Authors: Jee, Youn Hee, Lee, Kun Song, Yue, Shanna, Leschek, Ellen W, Boden, Matthew G, Jadra, Aysha, Klibanski, Anne, Vaidyanathan, Priya, Misra, Madhusmita, Chang, Young Pyo, Yanovski, Jack A, Baron, Jeffrey
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 24.10.2019; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adipose tissue; Adiposity; Adolescent; Adult; Adults; Age; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anorexia; Anticoagulants; Biology and Life Sciences; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - blood; Body fat; Body height; Body weight; Cancer; Case-Control Studies; Cell adhesion & migration; Cell growth; Child; Child health; Child, Preschool; Children; Children & youth; Childrens health; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; Dwarfism - blood; Dwarfism - diagnosis; Eating disorders; Embryogenesis; Embryonic growth stage; Endocrinology; Evaluation; Female; Females; Girls; Growth Disorders - blood; Growth Disorders - diagnosis; Growth factors; Growth hormones; Health aspects; Heparin; Hospitals; Humans; Immunoassay; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infants; Infertility; Insulin-like growth factor I; Liver cancer; Male; Males; Measurement; Measurement methods; Medical examination; Medicine and Health Sciences; Middle Aged; Midkine; Midkine - blood; Minority & ethnic groups; Minors; Nutrition; Obesity; Obesity - blood; Obesity - diagnosis; Organs; Pediatrics; People and Places; Race; Sex; Short stature; Teenagers; Weight; Young Adult; Young women; United States; United States > US; South Korea; Massachusetts
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224103

Midkine (MDK), one of the heparin-binding growth factors, is highly expressed in multiple organs during embryogenesis. Plasma concentrations have been reported to be elevated in patients with a variety of malignancies, in adults with obesity, and in children with short stature, diabetes, and obesity. However, the concentrations in healthy children and their relationships to age, nutrition, and linear growth have not been well studied. Plasma MDK was measured by immunoassay in 222 healthy, normal-weight children (age 0-18 yrs, 101 boys), 206 healthy adults (age 18-91 yrs, 60 males), 61 children with BMI ≥ 95th percentile (age 4-18 yrs, 20 boys), 20 girls and young women with anorexia nervosa (age 14-23 yrs), and 75 children with idiopathic short stature (age 3-18 yrs, 42 boys). Body fat was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a subset of subjects. The associations of MDK with age, sex, adiposity, race/ethnicity and stature were evaluated. In healthy children, plasma MDK concentrations declined with age (r = -0.54, P < 0.001) with values highest in infants. The decline occurred primarily during the first year of life. Plasma MDK did not significantly differ between males and females or between race/ethnic groups. MDK concentrations were not correlated with BMI SDS, fat mass (kg) or percent total body fat, and no difference in MDK was found between children with anorexia nervosa, healthy weight and obesity. For children with idiopathic short stature, MDK concentrations did not differ significantly from normal height subjects, or according to height SDS or IGF-1 SDS. In healthy children, plasma MDK concentrations declined with age and were not significantly associated with sex, adiposity, or stature-for-age. These findings provide useful reference data for studies of plasma MDK in children with malignancies and other pathological conditions.