Perfluoroalkyl substances and extractable organic fluorine in surface sediments and cores from Lake Ontario

• Published in: Environment international Vol. 59; pp. 389 - 397
• Main Authors: Yeung, Leo W.Y., De Silva, Amila O., Loi, Eva I.H., Marvin, Chris H., Taniyasu, Sachi, Yamashita, Nobuyoshi, Mabury, Scott A., Muir, Derek C.G., Lam, Paul K.S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2013; Elsevier
• Subjects: Alkanesulfonic Acids - analysis; Applied sciences; Caprylates - analysis; Core; Earth sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics; Enviromental Science; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Exact sciences and technology; Fluorine - analysis; Fluorocarbons - analysis; Flux; Geologic Sediments - chemistry; Lakes - chemistry; Miljövetenskap; Ontario; PFAS; PFOS; Pollution; Pollution sources. Measurement results; Pollution, environment geology; Sediment; Soil and sediments pollution; Unidentified fluorine; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Great Lakes of America; Lake Ontario; North America; America; North America, Ontario L., Niagara Basin; North America, Ontario L; USA, New York, Rochester; Flux; Unidentified fluorine; Sediment; PFAS; Core; PFOS; Emerging contaminant; Lake sediments; Time variation; Sulfonate; Persistent organic pollutant; Chemical pollution; Perfluoroalkyl acid; Depth profile; Trend analysis; Organic fluorine compounds; Carboxylate; Perfluorooctane sulfonate; Organic compounds; Concentration distribution
• ISSN: 0160-4120; 1873-6750; 1873-6750
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.026

Fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) including short-chain perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs, C4–C6) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs, C4 and C6) were measured in surface sediment samples from 26 stations collected in 2008 and sediment core samples from three stations (Niagara, Mississauga, and Rochester basins) collected in 2006 in Lake Ontario. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) were detected in all 26 surface sediment samples, whereas perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoDA) and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) were detected in over 70% of the surface sediment samples. PFOS was detected in all of the sediment core samples (range: 0.492–30.1ngg−1 d.w.) over the period 1952–2005. The C8 to C11 PFCAs, FOSA, and PFBA increased in early 1970s. An overall increasing trend in sediment PFAS concentrations/fluxes from older to more recently deposited sediments was evident in the three sediment cores. The known PFCAs and PFSAs accounted for 2–44% of the anionic fraction of the extractable organic fluorine in surface sediment, suggesting that a large proportion of fluorine in this fraction remained unknown. Sediment core samples collected from Niagara basin showed an increase in unidentified organic fluorine in recent years (1995–2006). These results suggest that the use and manufacture of fluorinated organic compounds other than known PFCAs and PFSAs has diversified and increased. [Display omitted] •Increasing PFAS fluxes (1995–2006) were evident in cores in Lake Ontario.•PFASs accounted for 2–44% of the extractable organic fluorine in surface sediment.•Core samples from Niagara basin showed increasing unidentified organic fluorine.