Relationship between Composition and Toxicity of Motor Vehicle Emission Samples

• Published in: Environmental health perspectives Vol. 112; no. 15; pp. 1527 - 1538
• Main Authors: McDonald, Jacob D., Eide, Ingvar, Seagrave, JeanClare, Zielinska, Barbara, Whitney, Kevin, Lawson, Douglas R., Mauderly, Joe L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 01.11.2004; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Institue of Environmental Health Sciences
• Subjects: Animals; Carbon; Carcinogens - analysis; Carcinogens - toxicity; Chemical hazards; Diesel exhaust; Diesel vehicles; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Gasoline - analysis; Gasoline - toxicity; Lung - pathology; Lungs; Modeling; Motor Vehicles; Mutagenicity; Pollutant emissions; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity; Principal Component Analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Salmonella - genetics; Toxic emissions; Toxicity; Toxicity Tests; Vehicle Emissions - analysis; Vehicle Emissions - toxicity
• ISSN: 0091-6765; 1552-9924
• DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6976

In this study we investigated the statistical relationship between particle and semivolatile organic chemical constituents in gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust samples, and toxicity as measured by inflammation and tissue damage in rat lungs and mutagenicity in bacteria. Exhaust samples were collected from "normal" and "high-emitting" gasoline and diesel light-duty vehicles. We employed a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLS; also known as projection to latent structures) to evaluate the relationships between chemical composition of vehicle exhaust and toxicity. The PLS analysis revealed the chemical constituents covarying most strongly with toxicity and produced models predicting the relative toxicity of the samples with good accuracy. The specific nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons important for mutagenicity were the same chemicals that have been implicated by decades of bioassay-directed fractionation. These chemicals were not related to lung toxicity, which was associated with organic carbon and select organic compounds that are present in lubricating oil. The results demonstrate the utility of the PCA/PLS approach for evaluating composition-response relationships in complex mixture exposures and also provide a starting point for confirming causality and determining the mechanisms of the lung effects.