On the positive and negative affective responses to cocaine and their relation to drug self-administration in rats

• Published in: Psychopharmacology Vol. 232; no. 13; pp. 2363 - 2375
• Main Authors: Ettenberg, Aaron, Fomenko, Vira, Kaganovsky, Konstantin, Shelton, Kerisa, Wenzel, Jennifer M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.07.2015; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animals; Behavior, Addictive - psychology; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cocaine; Cocaine - administration & dosage; Cocaine abuse; Cocaine-Related Disorders - psychology; Complications and side effects; Conditioning, Operant - drug effects; Conditioning, Operant - physiology; Development and progression; Dosage and administration; Drug abuse; Male; Neurosciences; Original Investigation; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Psychiatry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time - drug effects; Reaction Time - physiology; Reward; Risk factors; Rodents; Self Administration; Studies; United States; Drug self-administration; Operant runway; Opponent processes; Drug abuse; Extended access; Drug reward; Conditioned place test; Drug aversion; Cocaine addiction; Cocaine
• ISSN: 0033-3158; 1432-2072; 1432-2072
• DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3873-6

Rationale Acute cocaine administration produces an initial rewarding state followed by a dysphoric/anxiogenic “crash.” Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether individual differences in the relative value of cocaine’s positive and negative effects would account for variations in subsequent drug self-administration. Methods The dual actions of cocaine were assessed using a conditioned place test (where animals formed preferences for environments paired with the immediate rewarding effects of 1.0mg/kg i.v. cocaine or aversions of environments associated with the anxiogenic effects present 15-min postinjection) and a runway test (where animals developed approach-avoidance “retreat” behaviors about entering a goal box associated with cocaine delivery). Ranked scores from these two tests were then correlated with each other and with the escalation in the operant responding of the same subjects observed over 10 days of 1- or 6-h/day access to i.v. (0.4mg/inj) cocaine self-administration. Results Larger place preferences were associated with faster runway start latencies ( r s  = −0.64), but not with retreat frequency or run times; larger place aversions predicted slower runway start times ( r s  = 0.62), increased run times ( r s  = 0.65), and increased retreats ( r s  = 0.62); response escalation was observed in both the 1- and 6-h self-administration groups and was associated with increased CPPs ( r s  = 0.58) but not CPAs, as well as with faster run times ( r s  = −0.60). Conclusions Together, these data suggest that animals exhibiting a greater positive than negative response to acute (single daily injections of) cocaine are at the greatest risk for subsequent escalated cocaine self-administration, a presumed indicator of cocaine addiction.