Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence Study

• Published in: Viruses Vol. 15; no. 2; p. 484
• Main Authors: El-Daly, Mai M., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alharbi, Amany, Azhar, Abdulrahman E., Khallaf, Amjed M., Hassan, Ahmed M., Alwafi, Osama M., Shabouni, Omaima I., Alandijany, Thamir A., Li, Tian-Cheng, El-Kafrawy, Sherif A., Zumla, Alimuddin, Azhar, Esam I.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 09.02.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Age; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis; Antibodies; Blood & organ donations; Care and treatment; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnosis; Environmental factors; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Female; females; Genotype & phenotype; Hepatitis; Hepatitis Antibodies; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; HEV; Households; Houses; Housing; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Infections; Makkah; Male; Males; Microbiology; Middle Aged; occupations; Orthohepevirus A; Population studies; Population-based studies; QR1-502; Questionnaires; risk factors; RNA; Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia - epidemiology; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Serology; seroprevalence; Sex differences; Sociodemographics; viral hepatitis; Water supply; Young Adult; Saudi Arabia; Middle East; Israel; United States > US; Saudi Arabia; HEV; seroprevalence; risk factors; Makkah
• ISSN: 1999-4915; 1999-4915
• DOI: 10.3390/v15020484

Background: The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Little is known about the seroprevalence of HEV in the general population of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional HEV seroprevalence study was conducted in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in sera using an in-house ELISA. The frequency of HEV sageerology and its correlation with demographic, and environmental factors were evaluated. Results: Enrollment consisted of 1329 individuals, ages ranged from 8 to 88 years, the mean age was 30.17 years, the median age was 28yrs, and the male: female ratio was 1.15. The overall seroprevalence was 23.8% (316/1329). Males had significantly higher seroprevalence than females (66.1 vs. 33.9%; p < 0.001). Seroprevalence had significant correlations with age, occupation, and lack of regular water supply and housing conditions. Conclusions: This is the first HEV community-based seroprevalence study from Saudi Arabia. Results show that the HEV is endemic in Makkah and affects all age groups and occupations. HEV affects more males than females and those living in crowded accommodations without a regular supply of water. Further studies are required across all regions of Saudi Arabia to determine the country’s seroprevalence of active or past infection using tests for HEV IgG, HEV IgM antibodies and/or HEV RNA and underlying determinants of transmission.