Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections

From 20 to 30% of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI), patients might develop recurrence of the infection (RCDI) and, after the first recurrence, the risk of further episodes increases up to 60%. Several bacterial virulence factors have been associated with RCDI, including the ele...

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Published inThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology Vol. 2019; no. 2019; pp. 1 - 7
Main Authors Camacho-Ortiz, Adrián, Morfín-Otero, Rayo, Villarreal-Treviño, Licet, Tijerina-Rodríguez, Laura, Garza-González, Elvira
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2019
Hindawi
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Hindawi Limited
Wiley
Subjects
Adhesion
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents
Bacteria
Biofilms
Clostridium
Development and progression
Diarrhea
Diseases
Epidemics
Fidaxomicin
Flagella
Gene expression
Health aspects
Infection
Infections
Infectious diseases
Internalization
Metronidazole
Mutation
Proteins
Recurrent infection
Relapse
Review
Spores
Toxins
Transcription
Virulence
Virulence (Microbiology)
Virulence factors
Mexico
United States > US
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Summary:From 20 to 30% of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI), patients might develop recurrence of the infection (RCDI) and, after the first recurrence, the risk of further episodes increases up to 60%. Several bacterial virulence factors have been associated with RCDI, including the elevated production of toxins A and B, the presence of a binary toxin CDT, and mutations in the negative regulator of toxin expression, tcdC. Additional factors have shown to regulate toxin production and virulence in C. difficile in RCDI, including the accessory-gene regulator agr, which acts as a positive switch for toxin transcription. Furthermore, adhesion and motility-associated factors, such as Cwp84, SlpA, and flagella, have shown to increase the adhesion efficiency to host epithelia, cell internalization, and the formation of biofilm. Finally, biofilm confers to C. difficile protection from antibiotics and acts as a reservoir for spores that allow the persistence of the infection in the host. In this review, we describe the key virulence factors of C. difficile that have been associated with recurrent infections.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
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Academic Editor: José Ramón Blanco
ISSN:1712-9532
1918-1493
DOI:10.1155/2019/7127850