Modeling mood variation associated with smoking: an application of a heterogeneous mixed-effects model for analysis of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data

• Published in: Addiction (Abingdon, England) Vol. 104; no. 2; pp. 297 - 307
• Main Authors: Hedeker, Donald, Mermelstein, Robin J., Berbaum, Michael L., Campbell, Richard T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2009; Blackwell
• Subjects: Addiction; Addictive behaviors; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior - psychology; Adolescent smoking; Adolescents; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Affect; Assessment; Biological and medical sciences; complex variation; diary methods; Drug addiction; EMA; Emotions; experience sampling; Female; Health; heteroscedasticity; Humans; Life styles; log-linear variance; Male; Medical sciences; Mood; Mood changes; Motivation; multi-level; Positive affect; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Smoking; Smoking - psychology; Social behaviour; Social Environment; Social problems; Substance abuse treatment; Teenagers; Tobacco smoking; Tobacco, tobacco smoking; Toxicology; variance modeling; Affect affectivity; multi-level; Methodology; Tobacco smoking; Variations; diary methods; Modeling; Variance; Complexity; Ecological momentary assessment; Association; Multilevel analysis; EMA; Human; Drug addiction; complex variation; variance modeling; Experience sampling method; Data; Tobacco; Adolescent smoking; Mood; heteroscedasticity; Addiction; Adolescent; experience sampling; Models; log-linear variance; Application
• ISSN: 0965-2140; 1360-0443
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02435.x

ABSTRACT Aims  Mixed models are used increasingly for analysis of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data. The variance parameters of the random effects, which indicate the degree of heterogeneity in the population of subjects, are considered usually to be homogeneous across subjects. Modeling these variances can shed light on interesting hypotheses in substance abuse research. Design  We describe how these variances can be modeled in terms of covariates to examine the covariate effects on between‐subjects variation, focusing on positive and negative mood and the degree to which these moods change as a function of smoking. Setting  The data are drawn from an EMA study of adolescent smoking. Participants  Participants were 234 adolescents, either in 9th or 10th grades, who provided EMA mood reports from both random prompts and following smoking events. Measurements  We focused on two mood outcomes: measures of the subject's negative and positive affect and several covariates: gender, grade, negative mood regulation and smoking level. Findings and conclusions  Following smoking, adolescents experienced higher positive affect and lower negative affect than they did at random, non‐smoking times. Our analyses also indicated an increased consistency of subjective mood responses as smoking experience increased and a diminishing of mood change.