3D Printing of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery

• Published in: Annals of biomedical engineering Vol. 45; no. 1; pp. 23 - 44
• Main Authors: Trombetta, Ryan, Inzana, Jason A., Schwarz, Edward M., Kates, Stephen L., Awad, Hani A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.01.2017; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: 3D printing; Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials; Additives; Animals; Biochemistry; Biocompatibility; Biological and Medical Physics; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedical engineering; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering; Biomedicine; Biophysics; Bone Substitutes - chemistry; Bone Substitutes - therapeutic use; Bones; Calcium phosphate; Calcium phosphates; Calcium Phosphates - chemistry; Calcium Phosphates - therapeutic use; Ceramics; Ceramics - chemistry; Ceramics - therapeutic use; Classical Mechanics; Drug Delivery Systems - instrumentation; Drug Delivery Systems - methods; Fabrication; Grafting; Humans; In vitro testing; Organs; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Tissue Engineering - instrumentation; Tissue Engineering - methods; Tissues; Vat polymerization; Material extrusion; Powder bed fusion; Tissue engineering; Binder jetting; Drug delivery; Bone; 3D printing
• ISSN: 0090-6964; 1573-9686
• DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1678-3

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has emerged over the past 3 decades as a disruptive technology for rapid prototyping and manufacturing. Vat polymerization, powder bed fusion, material extrusion, and binder jetting are distinct technologies of additive manufacturing, which have been used in a wide variety of fields, including biomedical research and tissue engineering. The ability to print biocompatible, patient-specific geometries with controlled macro- and micro-pores, and to incorporate cells, drugs and proteins has made 3D-printing ideal for orthopaedic applications, such as bone grafting. Herein, we performed a systematic review examining the fabrication of calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics by 3D printing, their biocompatibility in vitro , and their bone regenerative potential in vivo , as well as their use in localized delivery of bioactive molecules or cells. Understanding the advantages and limitations of the different 3D printing approaches, CaP materials, and bioactive additives through critical evaluation of in vitro and in vivo evidence of efficacy is essential for developing new classes of bone graft substitutes that can perform as well as autografts and allografts or even surpass the performance of these clinical standards.