Effects of neuroinflammation on the regenerative capacity of brain stem cells

• Published in: Journal of neurochemistry Vol. 116; no. 6; pp. 947 - 956
• Main Authors: Russo, Isabella, Barlati, Sergio, Bosetti, Francesca
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.03.2011; Wiley-Blackwell
• Subjects: Adult Stem Cells - physiology; Age; Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Biochemistry and metabolism; Biological and medical sciences; Brain; Brain - cytology; Brain stem; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cellular biology; Central nervous system; Cerebral circulation. Blood-brain barrier. Choroid plexus. Cerebrospinal fluid. Circumventricular organ. Meninges; Chemokines; Cytokines; Cytokines - metabolism; Dentate gyrus; Differentiation; Encephalitis - chemically induced; Encephalitis - pathology; Encephalitis - physiopathology; Encephalitis - surgery; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Hippocampus; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammatory diseases; lipopolysaccharide; Lipopolysaccharides - adverse effects; Memory; Molecular modelling; Neural stem cells; Neurochemistry; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neurogenesis; Neurogenesis - drug effects; Neurogenesis - physiology; Neurons; Reviews; Stem Cell Transplantation - methods; Stem cells; subventricular zone; Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs; Cell proliferation; Cognitive disorder; Brain stem; Neuroglia; Stem cell; Cytokine; Central nervous system; Review; Cell differentiation; brain; Encephalon; Chemokine; Dysfunction; inflammation; neurogenesis; aging; lipopolysaccharide; Age; Hippocampus
• ISSN: 0022-3042; 1471-4159
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07168.x

J. Neurochem. (2011) 116, 947-956. ABSTRACT: In the adult brain, neurogenesis under physiological conditions occurs in the subventricular zone and in the dentate gyrus. Although the exact molecular mechanisms that regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation are largely unknown, several factors have been shown to affect neurogenesis. Decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of age-related brain dysfunction. Furthermore, in pathological conditions of the central nervous system associated with neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can affect the capacity of brain stem cells and alter neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on the effects of neuroinflammation on adult neurogenesis and discuss the use of the lipopolysaccharide-model to study the effects of inflammation and reactive-microglia on brain stem cells and neurogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the possible causes underlying reduced neurogenesis with normal aging and potential anti-inflammatory, pro-neurogenic interventions aimed at improving memory deficits in normal and pathological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases.