Person‐centred, integrated non‐communicable disease and HIV decentralized drug distribution in Eswatini and South Africa: outcomes and challenges

• Published in: Journal of the International AIDS Society Vol. 26; no. S1; pp. e26113 - n/a
• Main Authors: Goldstein, Deborah, Ford, Nathan, Kisyeri, Nicholas, Munsamy, Maggie, Nishimoto, Lirica, Osi, Kufor, Kambale, Herve, Minior, Thomas, Bateganya, Moses
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.07.2023; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS; Antiretroviral agents; Antiviral agents; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Blood pressure; Blood sugar monitoring; Care and treatment; Chronic diseases; Chronic illnesses; Commodities; Communicable diseases; Community; COVID-19; decentralized drug distribution; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus; Disease transmission; Dispensing; Drug stores; Drug wholesalers; Drugs; Eswatini; Evaluation; Family planning; Health facilities; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV; HIV (Viruses); HIV infection; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - prevention & control; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - drug therapy; Hypoglycemic agents; integration; Low income groups; Measurement; Mortality; Noncommunicable Diseases - drug therapy; non‐communicable disease; person‐centred care; Pharmacy; Private sector; Prophylaxis; Public health administration; Public sector; South Africa; Subsidies; Supply chains; Tuberculosis; South Africa; Eswatini; HIV; decentralized drug distribution; integration; non-communicable disease; person-centred care; diabetes; hypertension
• ISSN: 1758-2652; 1758-2652
• DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26113

Introduction Non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) are highly prevalent in people living with HIV above 50 years of age and account for increasing mortality. There is little published evidence supporting person‐centred, integrated models of HIV care, hypertension and diabetes treatment in southern Africa, and no data demonstrating mortality reduction. Where clinical visits for NCDs and HIV cannot be combined, integrated medication delivery presents an opportunity to streamline care and reduce patient costs. We present experiences of integrated HIV and NCD medication delivery in Eswatini and South Africa, focusing on programme successes and implementation challenges. Programmatic data from Eswatini's Community Health Commodities Distribution (CHCD) from April 2020 to December 2021 and South Africa's Central Chronic Medicines Dispensing and Distribution (CCMDD) from January 2016 to December 2021 were provided by programme managers and are summarized here. Discussion Launched in 2020, Eswatini's CHCD provides over 28,000 people with and without HIV with integrated services, including HIV testing, CD4 cell count testing, antiretroviral therapy refills, viral load monitoring and pre‐exposure prophylaxis alongside NCD services, including blood pressure and glucose monitoring and hypertension and diabetes medication refills.  Communities designate neighbourhood care points and central gathering places for person‐centred medication dispensing.  This programme reported fewer missed medication refill appointments among clients in community settings compared to facility‐based settings. South Africa's CCMDD utilizes decentralized drug distribution to provide medications for over 2.9 million people, including those living with HIV, hypertension and diabetes.  CCMDD incorporates community‐based pickup points, facility “fast lanes” and adherence clubs with public sector health facilities and private sector medication collection units.  There are no out‐of‐pocket payments for medications or testing commodities.  Wait‐times for medication refills are lower at CCMDD sites than facility‐based sites.  Innovations to reduce stigma include uniformly labelled medication packages for NCD and HIV medications. Conclusions Eswatini and South Africa demonstrate person‐centred models for HIV and NCD integration through decentralized drug distribution. This approach adapts medication delivery to serve individual needs and decongest centralized health facilities while efficiently delivering NCD care.  To bolster programme uptake, additional reporting of integrated decentralized drug distribution models should include HIV and NCD outcomes and mortality trends.