Predictors of vitamin D biochemical status in a large sample of middle-aged male smokers in Finland

• Published in: European journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 64; no. 3; pp. 280 - 288
• Main Authors: Brock, K.E, Graubard, B.I, Fraser, D.R, Weinstein, S.J, Stolzenberg-Solomon, R.Z, Lim, U, Tangrea, J.A, Virtamo, J, Ke, L, Snyder, K, Albanes, D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.03.2010; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; 631/443/810; 692/700/459/284; 692/700/478/174; administration & dosage; adults; Aged; anthropometric measurements; Anthropometry; Biochemistry; Biological and medical sciences; biosynthesis; blood; Body Mass Index; Body size; Calciferol; Clinical Nutrition; Complications and side effects; Confidence intervals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demographic aspects; Diagnosis; Diet; Dietary intake; Epidemiology; Exercise; Exercise - physiology; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Finland; fish products; Food intake; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Health aspects; Humans; Internal Medicine; light intensity; Linear Models; Logistic Models; Male; Males; Medical sciences; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; men; Metabolic Diseases; Middle age; Middle Aged; Middle aged men; nutrient deficiencies; Nutrient deficiency; Nutritional Status; original-article; Physical activity; physiology; Poultry; poultry products; Predictive Value of Tests; Public Health; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Regression analysis; Risk Factors; Risk factors (Health); Seafood; seasonal variation; Seasons; Smokers; Smoking; smoking (habit); Smoking - blood; solar radiation; Statistical analysis; Summer; Sun exposure; Tobacco, tobacco smoking; Toxicology; Ultraviolet radiation; Ultraviolet Rays; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Vitamin D; Vitamin D - administration & dosage; Vitamin D - biosynthesis; Vitamin D - blood; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin D Deficiency - blood; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology; Vitamin deficiency; Winter; Finland; Europe; vitamin D intake; fish intake; predictors of vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D (25(OH) D) status; physical activity; BMI; Consumption; Physical exercise; Middle age; Nutrition disorder; Prediction; Tobacco smoking; Metabolic diseases; Retinol; Body mass index; Vitamin D; Nutritional status
• ISSN: 0954-3007; 1476-5640; 1476-5640
• DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.137

Background/Objectives: As vitamin D deficiency is considered to be more common in regions with little solar ultraviolet (UV) light in winter, the aim of this study was to analyze predictors of vitamin D status by season within a large sample of male smokers from Finland, a country where there is negligible solar UV light in winter. Subjects/Methods: Vitamin D (measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) nmol/l) and other serum constituents were assayed. Measured anthropometry, and self-reported dietary intake and physical activity (PA) were obtained and analyzed using stepwise multiple linear and logistic regression in 2271 middle-aged Finnish male smokers. Results: In all, 27% of the population in winter and 17% in summer had serum 25(OH)D levels of <25 nmol/l, respectively. In summer, in multiple logistic regression analyses with adjustment for confounding and other predictors, high vitamin D intake (odds ratios (OR) 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–8.5), some leisure time PA (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.3–3.1) and having a body mass index (BMI) of 21 kg/m2 compared with <21 kg/m2 (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3–5.0), were associated with 25(OH)D 25 nmol/l. In winter, additional modifiable factors were occupational PA (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.5) and high fish (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.7–6.2) or poultry consumption (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2–2.5). Predictors from linear regression analyses of continuous levels of 25(OH)D were similar to the logistic regression analyses of 25(OH)D 25 nmol/l.