Non-IgE- or Mixed IgE/Non-IgE-Mediated Gastrointestinal Food Allergies in the First Years of Life: Old and New Tools for Diagnosis

• Published in: Nutrients Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 226
• Main Authors: Calvani, Mauro, Anania, Caterina, Cuomo, Barbara, D'Auria, Enza, Decimo, Fabio, Indirli, Giovanni Cosimo, Marseglia, Gianluigi, Mastrorilli, Violetta, Sartorio, Marco Ugo Andrea, Santoro, Angelica, Veronelli, Elisabetta
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: allergen-specific lymphocyte stimulation test; Allergens; Allergies; Allergy; Anaphylaxis; Asthma; Atopy; Colitis; Dermatitis; Diagnosis; Diagnostic software; Diagnostic systems; Disease; Endoscopy; Enteritis - diagnosis; Enterocolitis; Eosinophilia - diagnosis; Eosinophilic Esophagitis - diagnosis; eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders; Esophageal diseases; Esophagitis; fecal biomarkers; Feces - chemistry; Food; Food allergies; Food allergy; Food Hypersensitivity - diagnosis; Gastritis - diagnosis; Gastroenteritis; Gastroesophageal reflux; Gastrointestinal diseases; Gastrointestinal Diseases - diagnosis; Humans; IgG and IgG4; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Immunologic Tests; Immunology; Leukocytes (eosinophilic); Lymphocytes; non-IgE gastrointestinal food allergy; oral food challenge; Patch tests; Proteins; Review; Testing; eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders; clinical score; atopy patch test; IgG and IgG4; endoscopy; fecal biomarkers; oral food challenge; allergen-specific lymphocyte stimulation test; non-IgE gastrointestinal food allergy
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu13010226

non-IgE and mixed gastrointestinal food allergies present various specific, well-characterized clinical pictures such as food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis, food protein-induced enterocolitis and food protein-induced enteropathy syndrome as well as eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic colitis. The aim of this article is to provide an updated review of their different clinical presentations, to suggest a correct approach to their diagnosis and to discuss the usefulness of both old and new diagnostic tools, including fecal biomarkers, atopy patch tests, endoscopy, specific IgG and IgG4 testing, allergen-specific lymphocyte stimulation test (ALST) and clinical score (CoMiss).