Endothelial exocytosis of angiopoietin-2 resulting from CCM3 deficiency contributes to cerebral cavernous malformation

• Published in: Nature medicine Vol. 22; no. 9; pp. 1033 - 1042
• Main Authors: Zhou, Huanjiao Jenny, Qin, Lingfeng, Zhang, Haifeng, Tang, Wenwen, Ji, Weidong, He, Yun, Liang, Xiaoling, Wang, Zongren, Yuan, Qianying, Vortmeyer, Alexander, Toomre, Derek, Fuh, Germaine, Yan, Minghong, Kluger, Martin S, Wu, Dianqing, Min, Wang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Nature Publishing Group US 01.09.2016; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 13/1; 13/109; 13/21; 13/51; 14/1; 14/19; 38/77; 692/308/1426; 692/308/575; 692/699/75/593/1370; 82/51; 96/95; Angiopoietin-1 - metabolism; Angiopoietin-2 - metabolism; Animals; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins - genetics; Biomedicine; Brain; Cancer Research; Care and treatment; Cavernous hemangioma; Central nervous system; Deformation; Development and progression; Endothelium; Endothelium, Vascular - metabolism; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Exocytosis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Expression Profiling; Genetic aspects; Growth factors; Health aspects; Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System - genetics; Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System - metabolism; Humans; Infectious Diseases; Innovations; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - genetics; Membrane Proteins - genetics; Metabolic Diseases; Mice; Molecular Medicine; Molecular targeted therapy; Mutation; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurosciences; Proto-Oncogene Proteins - genetics; Receptor, TIE-2 - metabolism; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 3
• ISSN: 1078-8956; 1546-170X
• DOI: 10.1038/nm.4169

In a mouse model of cerebral cavernous malformation, deletion of the gene PDCD10 leads to vascular defects in the central nervous system as a result of increased UNC13-mediated exocytosis and secretion of angiopoietin-2 by endothelial cells. Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular malformations that affect the central nervous system and result in cerebral hemorrhage, seizure and stroke. CCMs arise from loss-of-function mutations in one of three genes: KRIT1 (also known as CCM1 ), CCM2 or PDCD10 (also known as CCM3 ). PDCD10 mutations in humans often result in a more severe form of the disease relative to mutations in the other two CCM genes, and PDCD10 -knockout mice show severe defects, the mechanistic basis for which is unclear. We have recently reported that CCM3 regulates exocytosis mediated by the UNC13 family of exocytic regulatory proteins. Here, in investigating the role of endothelial cell exocytosis in CCM disease progression, we found that CCM3 suppresses UNC13B- and vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3)-dependent exocytosis of angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) in brain endothelial cells. CCM3 deficiency in endothelial cells augments the exocytosis and secretion of ANGPT2, which is associated with destabilized endothelial cell junctions, enlarged lumen formation and endothelial cell–pericyte dissociation. UNC13B deficiency, which blunts ANGPT2 secretion from endothelial cells, or treatment with an ANGPT2-neutralizing antibody normalizes the defects in the brain and retina caused by endothelial-cell-specific CCM3 deficiency, including the disruption of endothelial cell junctions, vessel dilation and pericyte dissociation. Thus, enhanced secretion of ANGPT2 in endothelial cells contributes to the progression of CCM disease, providing a new therapeutic approach for treating this devastating pathology.