Myopic Traction Maculopathy: Diagnostic and Management Strategies

• Published in: Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) Vol. 14; pp. 3699 - 3708
• Main Authors: Frisina, Rino, Gius, Irene, Palmieri, Michele, Finzi, Alessandro, Tozzi, Luigi, Parolini, Barbara
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New Zealand Dove Medical Press Limited 01.01.2020; Taylor & Francis Ltd; Dove; Dove Medical Press
• Subjects: Atrophy; Classification; Diagnosis; Eye diseases; Magnetic resonance imaging; Optic nerve; pathological myopia posterior staphyloma retinal detachment full thickness macular hole macular buckle pars plana vitrectomy myopic traction maculopathy; Review; Strategic planning (Business); United States > US; pars plana vitrectomy; macular buckle; posterior staphyloma; full thickness macular hole; myopic traction maculopathy; pathological myopia; retinal detachment
• ISSN: 1177-5467; 1177-5483; 1177-5483
• DOI: 10.2147/opth.s237483

Pathologic myopia (PM) is an ocular disorder characterized by a spherical equivalent (SE) of more than - 6.0 diopters (D) or by an axial length (AL) of more than 26.5 millimeters (mm). PM is associated with myopic maculopathy (MM). The ATN classification describes all the aspects of MM which regroups atrophic, tractional and neovascular consequences to the sclera, choroid and retina of highly myopic eyes. The advent of OCT allowed to define the ultrastructural characteristics of the tractional changes in MM, described by the term myopic traction maculopathy (MTM). They include foveoschisis/maculoschisis/retinoschisis (FS/MS/RS), retinal/foveal detachment (RD/FD), lamellar macular holes (LMH) and full-thickness macular holes (FTMH) with or without RD (MHRD). The MTM staging system (MSS) describes all foveal and retinal changes related to MTM and their natural history interpreting them as different stages of a single progressive disorder. The management of MTM can be just observation for the earliest cases with good vision or surgery for the severe stages with vision loss. There are two possible surgical approaches: ab externo, that acts on the alteration of the scleral shape and includes posterior scleral reinforcement and macular buckle. Ab interno, that targets the alteration of the foveal profile and consists in pars plana vitrectomy with removal of all the epiretinal tractions, maneuvers on the internal limiting membrane, and the use of intravitreal tamponade and laser. As they target two different sides of the same pathology, the two techniques have to be selected on the base of the MTM stage, single or combined.