Making an effort to feel positive: insecure attachment in infancy predicts the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation in adulthood

• Published in: Journal of child psychology and psychiatry Vol. 55; no. 9; pp. 999 - 1008
• Main Authors: Moutsiana, Christina, Fearon, Pasco, Murray, Lynne, Cooper, Peter, Goodyer, Ian, Johnstone, Tom, Halligan, Sarah
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2014; Wiley-Blackwell; Blackwell; BlackWell Publishing Ltd
• Subjects: Adult; Adult. Elderly; Adults; Attachment Behavior; Biological and medical sciences; Brain; Child development; Child psychology; Developmental psychology; Early Experience; Emotion regulation; Emotions; Emotions - physiology; Female; fMRI; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Infant; infant attachment; Infants; longitudinal; Longitudinal Studies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Neurological Organization; Nucleus Accumbens - physiopathology; Object Attachment; Original; Parent Child Relationship; Prefrontal Cortex - physiopathology; Psychological Patterns; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Security (Psychology); Young Adult; Young Adults; Young Children; Human; Affect affectivity; Central nervous system; Emotion emotionality; Infantile experience; Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; Emotion regulation; Encephalon; fMRI; Affective attachment; Follow up study; infant attachment; Young adult; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Self regulation; Affective development; longitudinal; Antecedent; Functional imaging
• ISSN: 0021-9630; 1469-7610
• DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12198

Background Animal research indicates that the neural substrates of emotion regulation may be persistently altered by early environmental exposures. If similar processes operate in human development then this is significant, as the capacity to regulate emotional states is fundamental to human adaptation. Methods We utilised a 22‐year longitudinal study to examine the influence of early infant attachment to the mother, a key marker of early experience, on neural regulation of emotional states in young adults. Infant attachment status was measured via objective assessment at 18‐months, and the neural underpinnings of the active regulation of affect were studied using fMRI at age 22 years. Results Infant attachment status at 18‐months predicted neural responding during the regulation of positive affect 20‐years later. Specifically, while attempting to up‐regulate positive emotions, adults who had been insecurely versus securely attached as infants showed greater activation in prefrontal regions involved in cognitive control and reduced co‐activation of nucleus accumbens with prefrontal cortex, consistent with relative inefficiency in the neural regulation of positive affect. Conclusions Disturbances in the mother–infant relationship may persistently alter the neural circuitry of emotion regulation, with potential implications for adjustment in adulthood.