Impact of Maternal Glucose and Gestational Weight Gain on Child Obesity over the First Decade of Life in Normal Birth Weight Infants

• Published in: Maternal and child health journal Vol. 20; no. 8; pp. 1559 - 1568
• Main Authors: Hillier, Teresa A., Pedula, Kathryn L., Vesco, Kimberly K., Oshiro, Caryn E.S., Ogasawara, Keith K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.08.2016; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adult; Age; Babies; Birth certificates; Birth Weight; Births; Body Mass Index; Care and treatment; Child, Preschool; Childhood obesity; Clinical medicine; Complications and side effects; Diabetes; Diabetes, Gestational - epidemiology; Ethnicity; Female; Gender; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Gynecology; Health aspects; Health maintenance organizations; HMOs; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperglycemia - complications; Infant; Male; Maternal and Child Health; Medicaid; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolism; Mothers; Obesity; Obesity - etiology; Offspring; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity - epidemiology; Pediatrics; Population; Population Economics; Pregnancy; Pregnant women; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prevention; Public Health; Risk Factors; Sociology; Weight Gain; White people; Womens health; Hawaii; United States > US; Metabolic imprinting; GDM; Gestational weight gain; Hyperglycemia; Normal birth weight; Childhood obesity
• ISSN: 1092-7875; 1573-6628
• DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-1955-7

Objective To determine, among children with normal birth weight, if maternal hyperglycemia and weight gain independently increase childhood obesity risk in a very large diverse population. Methods Study population was 24,141 individuals (mothers and their normal birth weight offspring, born 1995–2003) among a diverse population with universal GDM screening [50-g glucose-challenge test (GCT); 3 h. 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) if GCT+]. Among the 13,037 full-term offspring with normal birth weight (2500–4000 g), annual measured height/weight was ascertained between ages 2 and 10 years to calculate gender-specific BMI-for-age percentiles using USA norms (1960–1995 standard). Results Among children who began life with normal birth weight, we found a significant trend for developing both childhood overweight (>85 %ile) and obesity (>95 %ile) during the first decade of life with both maternal hyperglycemia (normal GCT, GCT+ but no GDM, GDM) and excessive gestational weight gain [>40 pounds (18.1 kg)]; p  < 0.0001 for both trends. These maternal glucose and/or weight gain effects to imprint for childhood obesity in the first decade remained after adjustment for potential confounders including maternal age, parity, as well as pre-pregnancy BMI. The attributable risk (%) for childhood obesity was 28.5 % (95 % CI 15.9–41.1) for GDM and 16.4 % (95 % CI 9.4–23.2) for excessive gestational weight gain. Conclusions for Practice Both maternal hyperglycemia and excessive weight gain have independent effects to increase childhood obesity risk. Future research should focus on prevention efforts during pregnancy as a potential window of opportunity to reduce childhood obesity.