Evolutionary formation of gene clusters by reorganization: the meleagrin/roquefortine paradigm in different fungi

• Published in: Applied microbiology and biotechnology Vol. 100; no. 4; pp. 1579 - 1587
• Main Authors: Martín, Juan F, Liras, Paloma
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.02.2016; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Alkaloids - metabolism; Amino acids; Bacteria; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biosynthesis; Biotechnology; Carbon; cheeses; Enzymes; Evolution, Molecular; Fungi; Gene expression; Gene Rearrangement; Genes; Genetic aspects; Genetic recombination; habitats; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings - metabolism; horizontal gene transfer; Indoles - metabolism; Life Sciences; Metabolic Networks and Pathways - genetics; Metabolites; Microbial Genetics and Genomics; Microbiology; Mini-Review; Multigene Family; Observations; Ovomucin - metabolism; Penicillin; Penicillium; Penicillium - genetics; Penicillium chrysogenum; Penicillium roqueforti; Penicillium roquefortii; Peptides; Piperazines - metabolism; Proteins; pseudogenes; Secondary metabolites; silage; small cereal grains; structural genes; Studies; transcription (genetics); Spain; Secondary metabolites; Roquefortine; Gene clusters; Meleagrin; Cluster reorganization; Penicillium roqueforti
• ISSN: 0175-7598; 1432-0614
• DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7192-y

The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in fungi is catalyzed by enzymes encoded by genes linked in clusters that are frequently co-regulated at the transcriptional level. Formation of gene clusters may take place by de novo assembly of genes recruited from other cellular functions, but also novel gene clusters are formed by reorganization of progenitor clusters and are distributed by horizontal gene transfer. This article reviews (i) the published information on the roquefortine/meleagrin/neoxaline gene clusters of Penicillium chrysogenum (Penicillium rubens) and the short roquefortine cluster of Penicillium roqueforti, and (ii) the correlation of the genes present in those clusters with the enzymes and metabolites derived from these pathways. The P. chrysogenum roq/mel cluster consists of seven genes and includes a gene (roqT) encoding a 12-TMS transporter protein of the MFS family. Interestingly, the orthologous P. roquefortine gene cluster has only four genes and the roqT gene is present as a residual pseudogene that encodes only small peptides. Two of the genes present in the central region of the P. chrysogenum roq/mel cluster have been lost during the evolutionary formation of the short cluster and the order of the structural genes in the cluster has been rearranged. The two lost genes encode a N1 atom hydroxylase (nox) and a roquefortine scaffold-reorganizing oxygenase (sro). As a consequence P. roqueforti has lost the ability to convert the roquefortine-type carbon skeleton to the glandicoline/meleagrin-type scaffold and is unable to produce glandicoline B, meleagrin and neoxaline. The loss of this genetic information is not recent and occurred probably millions of years ago when a progenitor Penicillium strain got adapted to life in a few rich habitats such as cheese, fermented cereal grains or silage. P. roqueforti may be considered as a “domesticated” variant of a progenitor common to contemporary P. chrysogenum and related Penicillia.