Biomechanical analysis of skull fractures after uncontrolled hanging release

• Published in: Forensic science international Vol. 233; no. 1-3; pp. 220 - 229
• Main Authors: Thollon, Lionel, Llari, Maxime, André, Lucile, Adalian, Pascal, Leonetti, Georges, Piercecchi-Marti, Marie-Dominique
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ireland Elsevier Ireland Ltd 10.12.2013; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Ankle Injuries - etiology; Ankle Injuries - physiopathology; Asphyxia - physiopathology; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biomechanics; Cadaver; Computer Simulation; crime; Falls; Finite Element Analysis; Finite element modeling; Forensic engineering; Forensic Pathology; Forensic science; Forensic sciences; Fracture mechanics; Fractures; Hanging; head; Head injuries; Human; Humans; Kinematics; Mathematical models; Models, Statistical; Multibody dynamics; Neck Injuries - physiopathology; Pathology; risk; Skull; Skull fractures; Skull Fractures - etiology; Skull Fractures - physiopathology; Software; suicide; Suicides & suicide attempts; Tibial Fractures - etiology; Tibial Fractures - physiopathology; Trauma; Variance analysis; Falls; Multibody dynamics; Skull fractures; Finite element modeling; Forensic science; Hanging
• ISSN: 0379-0738; 1872-6283; 1872-6283
• DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.015

In forensic research, biomechanical analyses of falls are widely reported. However, no study on falls consecutive to uncontrolled hanging release, when a hanging body is cut down, has ever been published. In such cases, the presence of cranial trauma can raise interpretation issues, and there may be doubt as to whether the fall was an accident or a crime disguised as suicide. The problem remains as to whether or not a fall after a free hanging release can lead to a skull fracture. To address this question, numerical simulations, post-mortem human subject tests and parametric studies were performed. We first recreated the kinematics and velocity of this atypical fall with post-mortem human subject tests and multibody simulations. We then tested the influence of biological variability on fracture production using a finite element model of the head. Our results show that fall severity depends largely on the direction of the fall. The risk of fracture is highest in the occipital region and with a backward fall. Our study also highlights the frequent occurrence of lower limb trauma in a free hanging release. Most importantly, we show that a fracture is produced in only 3.4% of falls that occur in a 10–90cm height range. The overall findings of this study provide tools for pathologists and magistrates to decide on the most likely scenario and to justify further forensic investigations if required.