Socio-economic status and oesophageal cancer: results from a population-based case–control study in a high-risk area

• Published in: International journal of epidemiology Vol. 38; no. 4; pp. 978 - 988
• Main Authors: Islami, Farhad, Kamangar, Farin, Nasrollahzadeh, Dariush, Aghcheli, Karim, Sotoudeh, Masoud, Abedi-Ardekani, Behnoush, Merat, Shahin, Nasseri-Moghaddam, Siavosh, Semnani, Shahryar, Sepehr, Alireza, Wakefield, Jon, Møller, Henrik, Abnet, Christian C, Dawsey, Sanford M, Boffetta, Paolo, Malekzadeh, Reza
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Oxford University Press 01.08.2009; Oxford Publishing Limited (England)
• Subjects: Aged; Analysis. Health state; Biological and medical sciences; Cancer; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - epidemiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - etiology; case–control; correspondence analysis; Educational Status; Epidemiologic Methods; Epidemiology; Esophageal Neoplasms - epidemiology; Esophageal Neoplasms - etiology; factor analysis; Female; General aspects; Humans; Iran; Iran - epidemiology; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Miscellaneous; Oesophageal cancer; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Social Class; socio-economic status; Socioeconomic Factors; Tropical medicine; Iran; Asia; Oesophageal cancer; epidemiology; factor analysis; case-control; Iran; socio-economic status; correspondence analysis; Human; High risk; Factor analysis; Socioeconomic status; Esophageal disease; Esophagus squamous cell carcinoma; Malignant tumor; Case control study; Epidemiology; Statistical study; Esophagus cancer; Correspondence analysis; Cancerology; Digestive diseases; Public health; Cancer
• ISSN: 0300-5771; 1464-3685
• DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp195

Background Cancer registries in the 1970s showed that parts of Golestan Province in Iran had the highest rate of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the world. More recent studies have shown that while rates are still high, they are approximately half of what they were before, which might be attributable to improved socio-economic status (SES) and living conditions in this area. We examined a wide range of SES indicators to investigate the association between different SES components and risk of OSCC in the region. Methods Data were obtained from a population-based case–control study conducted between 2003 and 2007 with 300 histologically proven OSCC cases and 571 matched neighbourhood controls. We used conditional logistic regression to compare cases and controls for individual SES indicators, for a composite wealth score constructed using multiple correspondence analysis, and for factors obtained from factors analysis. Results We found that various dimensions of SES, such as education, wealth and being married were all inversely related to OSCC. The strongest inverse association was found with education. Compared with no education, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for primary education and high school or beyond were 0.52 (0.27–0.98) and 0.20 (0.06–0.65), respectively. Conclusions The strong association of SES with OSCC after adjustment for known risk factors implies the presence of yet unidentified risk factors that are correlated with our SES measures; identification of these factors could be the target of future studies. Our results also emphasize the importance of using multiple SES measures in epidemiological studies.