A longitudinal examination of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette perceived norms among middle school adolescents

• Published in: Drug and alcohol dependence Vol. 133; no. 2; pp. 647 - 653
• Main Authors: Pedersen, Eric R, Miles, Jeremy N.V, Ewing, Brett A, Shih, Regina A, Tucker, Joan S, D’Amico, Elizabeth J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ireland Elsevier Ireland Ltd 01.12.2013
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adolescents; Age Factors; Alcohol; Alcohol Drinking - psychology; Attitude; California - epidemiology; Cannabis; Child; Cigarettes; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Marijuana; Marijuana Smoking - psychology; Middle schools; Peer Group; Perceived norms; Prevalence; Psychiatry; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Smoking - psychology; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance abuse; California; Alcohol; Marijuana; Cigarettes; Adolescents; Perceived norms
• ISSN: 0376-8716; 1879-0046
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.008

Abstract Background Adolescents tend to overestimate the prevalence of substance use among their peers and these perceived norms are associated with their current and future use. However, little is known about how perceived norms change over time during middle school, a developmental period when adolescents are at-risk for initiating substance use. Method We examined changes in perceived norms of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes over a two-year period among a large and diverse sample of 6th and 7th grade youth ( N = 6097; 50.1% female; 54% Hispanic). Participants completed a baseline survey and two subsequent annual surveys. Participants estimated the percentage of their peers they believed used each substance, as well as indicated levels of personal use, offers to use from peers, and exposure to peers who were using each substance. Results Perceived norms of all three substances increased over time. Increases were somewhat attenuated when controlling for demographic factors, personal use, and peer factors, but remained significant. Female adolescents and those reporting non-Hispanic White ethnicity experienced the greatest increase in perceived norms over time. Conclusion Normative perceptions of substance use increase greatly during the middle school years, an effect which cannot be fully explained by demographics, personal use, or peer factors. Given that perceived norms are often associated with personal use, early interventions with middle school youth are warranted to prevent the growth of these influential factors during this developmental period.