Aetiology of hospitalized fever and risk of death at Arua and Mubende tertiary care hospitals in Uganda from August 2019 to August 2020

• Published in: BMC infectious diseases Vol. 22; no. 1; pp. 869 - 10
• Main Authors: Blair, Paul W, Kobba, Kenneth, Kakooza, Francis, Robinson, Matthew L, Candia, Emmanuel, Mayito, Jonathan, Ndawula, Edgar C, Kandathil, Abraham J, Matovu, Alphonsus, Aniku, Gilbert, Manabe, Yukari C, Lamorde, Mohammed
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 21.11.2022; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Acute febrile illness; Adult; Adults; Algorithms; Antigenemia; Antigens; Assaying; Blood; Blood culture; CD4 antigen; Death; Demographics; Diagnostic systems; Emerging communicable diseases; Epidemics; Epidemiology; Etiology; Female; Fever; Fever - complications; Fever - etiology; HIV; HIV Infections - complications; HIV Infections - epidemiology; Hospitalization; Hospitals; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Illnesses; Infectious diseases; Malaria; Male; Mortality; Mubende; Oxygen content; Public health; Renal function; Respiration; Respiratory failure; Respiratory rate; Risk; Tertiary Care Centers; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis - diagnosis; Uganda; Uganda - epidemiology; Vector-borne diseases; Uganda; United States > US; South Korea; Emerging communicable diseases; Uganda; Acute febrile illness; Epidemiology; Mubende
• ISSN: 1471-2334; 1471-2334
• DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07877-3

Epidemiology of febrile illness in Uganda is shifting due to increased HIV treatment access, emerging viruses, and increased surveillance. We investigated the aetiology and outcomes of acute febrile illness in adults presenting to hospital using a standardized testing algorithm of available assays in at Arua and Mubende tertiary care hospitals in Uganda. We recruited adults with a ≥ 38.0 °C temperature or history of fever within 48 h of presentation from August 2019 to August 2020. Medical history, demographics, and vital signs were recorded. Testing performed included a complete blood count, renal and liver function, malaria smears, blood culture, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). When HIV positive, testing included cryptococcal antigen, CD4 count, and urine lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assay for tuberculosis. Participants were followed during hospitalization and at a 1-month visit. A Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to evaluate for baseline clinical features and risk of death. Of 132 participants, the median age was 33.5 years (IQR 24 to 46) and 58.3% (n = 77) were female. Overall, 73 (55.3%) of 132 had a positive microbiologic result. Among those living with HIV, 31 (68.9%) of 45 had at least one positive assay; 16 (35.6%) had malaria, 14 (31.1%) tuberculosis, and 4 (8.9%) cryptococcal antigenemia. The majority (65.9%) were HIV-negative; 42 (48.3%) of 87 had at least one diagnostic assay positive; 24 (27.6%) had positive malaria smears and 1 was Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra positive. Overall, 16 (12.1%) of 132 died; 9 (56.3%) of 16 were HIV-negative, 6 died after discharge. High respiratory rate (≥ 22 breaths per minute) (hazard ratio [HR] 8.05; 95% CI 1.81 to 35.69) and low (i.e., < 92%) oxygen saturation (HR 4.33; 95% CI 1.38 to 13.61) were identified to be associated with increased risk of death. In those with hospitalized fever, malaria and tuberculosis were common causes of febrile illness, but most deaths were non-malarial, and most HIV-negative participants did not have a positive diagnostic result. Those with respiratory failure had a high risk of death.