Intrinsic host restrictions to HIV-1 and mechanisms of viral escape

• Published in: Nature immunology Vol. 16; no. 6; pp. 546 - 553
• Main Authors: Simon, Viviana, Bloch, Nicolin, Landau, Nathaniel R
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Nature Publishing Group US 01.06.2015; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 13; 13/109; 13/31; 14/34; 38/22; 38/23; 38/44; 38/77; 631/250/255/1901; 631/326/596/2558; Animals; Antigens, CD - metabolism; APOBEC Deaminases; Biological Evolution; Biomedicine; Cytidine Deaminase; Cytosine Deaminase - metabolism; GPI-Linked Proteins - metabolism; Health aspects; HIV (Viruses); HIV Infections - immunology; HIV Infections - virology; HIV-1 - physiology; Host Specificity; Host-virus relationships; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunological research; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Lentivirus; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins - metabolism; Restriction enzymes, DNA; review-article; SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins - metabolism; Virus research
• ISSN: 1529-2908; 1529-2916
• DOI: 10.1038/ni.3156

HIV devotes a large portion of its coding capacity to counteracting the function of mammalian antiviral proteins. Landau and colleagues discuss the biology of mammalian restriction factors and the viral accessory proteins that counteract them. To replicate in their hosts, viruses have to navigate the complexities of the mammalian cell, co-opting mechanisms of cellular physiology while defeating restriction factors that are dedicated to halting their progression. Primate lentiviruses devote a relatively large portion of their coding capacity to counteracting restriction factors by encoding accessory proteins dedicated to neutralizing the antiviral function of these intracellular inhibitors. Research into the roles of the accessory proteins has revealed the existence of previously undetected intrinsic defenses, provided insight into the evolution of primate lentiviruses as they adapt to new species and uncovered new targets for the development of therapeutics. This Review discusses the biology of the restriction factors APOBEC3, SAMHD1 and tetherin and the viral accessory proteins that counteract them.