Heart rate recovery and blood pressure response during exercise testing in patients with microvascular angina
Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate...
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Published in | Clinical hypertension Vol. 25; no. 1; p. 4 |
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Abstract | Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA.
The study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) or significant coronary artery spasm (≥90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression ≥1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as ≤12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men and ≥ 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls.
Among the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 ± 15.9 vs. 31.3 ± 22.7,
< 0.001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026-1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.982-0.999;
= 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074-2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA.
HRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. |
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AbstractList | Background: Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes.
Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA.
Methods: The study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) or significant coronary artery spasm (≥90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression ≥1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as ≤12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men and ≥ 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls.
Results: Among the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 ± 15.9 vs. 31.3 ± 22.7, p < 0.
001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026–1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.
982–0.999; p = 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074–2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA.
Conclusion: HRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. KCI Citation Count: 0 Background Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA. Methods The study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis [greater than or equai to]50%) or significant coronary artery spasm ([greater than or equai to]90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression [greater than or equai to]1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as [less than or equai to]12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP [greater than or equai to]210 mmHg in men and [greater than or equai to] 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls. Results Among the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 [+ or -] 15.9 vs. 31.3 [+ or -] 22.7, p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026-1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.982-0.999; p = 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074-2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA. Conclusion HRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. Keywords: Microvascular angina, Cardiac autonomic function, Heart rate recovery Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA. The study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis [greater than or equai to]50%) or significant coronary artery spasm ([greater than or equai to]90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression [greater than or equai to]1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as [less than or equai to]12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP [greater than or equai to]210 mmHg in men and [greater than or equai to] 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls. Among the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 [+ or -] 15.9 vs. 31.3 [+ or -] 22.7, p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026-1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.982-0.999; p = 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074-2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA. HRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. Background Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA. Methods The study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) or significant coronary artery spasm (≥90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression ≥1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as ≤12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men and ≥ 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls. Results Among the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 ± 15.9 vs. 31.3 ± 22.7, p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026–1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.982–0.999; p = 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074–2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA. Conclusion HRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA. The study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) or significant coronary artery spasm (≥90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression ≥1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as ≤12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men and ≥ 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls. Among the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 ± 15.9 vs. 31.3 ± 22.7, < 0.001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026-1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.982-0.999; = 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074-2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA. HRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. Abstract Background Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA. Methods The study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) or significant coronary artery spasm (≥90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression ≥1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as ≤12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men and ≥ 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls. Results Among the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 ± 15.9 vs. 31.3 ± 22.7, p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026–1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.982–0.999; p = 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074–2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA. Conclusion HRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. BACKGROUNDAngina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction is one of the possible causes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parasympathetic dysfunction assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) and increased sympathetic activity assessed by exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response (EBPR) to exercise in MVA. METHODSThe study participants were consecutive patients with anginal chest pain who underwent both coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test between January 2008 and February 2015. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) or significant coronary artery spasm (≥90%) were excluded. Based on the treadmill exercise test, patients were categorized into the microvascular angina (MVA) group (patients with uniform ST depression ≥1 mm) and the control group. HRR was defined as peak heart rate minus heart rate after a 1 min recovery; blunted HRR was defined as ≤12 beats/min. EBPR was defined as a peak exercise systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men and ≥ 190 mmHg in women. These parameters were compared between patients with MVA and the controls. RESULTSAmong the 970 enrolled patients (mean age 53.1 years; female 59.0%), 191 (20.0%) were diagnosed with MVA. In baseline characteristics, the MVA group had older participants, female predominance, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The MVA group showed significantly lower HRR 1 min (24.9 ± 15.9 vs. 31.3 ± 22.7, p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of EBPR was significantly higher in the MVA group than in the control group (21.5% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 1.045; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.026-1.064; p < 0.001), HRR 1 min (OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.982-0.999; p = 0.022), and EBPR (OR, 1.657; 95% CI, 1.074-2.554; p = 0.022) were independently associated with MVA. CONCLUSIONHRR and EBPR were associated with MVA, which suggests a link between MVA and autonomic dysregulation. |
ArticleNumber | 4 |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Im, Sung-Il Cho, Kyoung-Im Jo, Eun-Ah Kim, Bong-Joon Heo, Jung Ho Kim, Hyun-Su |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Bong-Joon surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Bong-Joon organization: 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-702 Korea – sequence: 2 givenname: Eun-Ah surname: Jo fullname: Jo, Eun-Ah organization: 2Convergence Medicine & Exercise Science Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-702 Korea – sequence: 3 givenname: Sung-Il surname: Im fullname: Im, Sung-Il organization: 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-702 Korea – sequence: 4 givenname: Hyun-Su surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Hyun-Su organization: 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-702 Korea – sequence: 5 givenname: Jung Ho surname: Heo fullname: Heo, Jung Ho organization: 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-702 Korea – sequence: 6 givenname: Kyoung-Im orcidid: 0000-0003-3137-0218 surname: Cho fullname: Cho, Kyoung-Im organization: 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-702 Korea |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1177_10998004221143508 crossref_primary_10_4166_kjg_2023_144 crossref_primary_10_1177_2047487319872690 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0282058 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0285961 |
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Keywords | Cardiac autonomic function Microvascular angina Heart rate recovery |
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References | G Thanassoulis (108_CR12) 2012; 125 T Watanabe (108_CR29) 2001; 65 E Jones (108_CR5) 2012; 22 SA Best (108_CR7) 2014; 117 M Javorka (108_CR24) 2002; 35 RO Cannon 3rd (108_CR4) 1985; 71 RJ Gibbons (108_CR19) 2002; 40 T Akasaka (108_CR20) 1997; 80 PJ Kannankeril (108_CR23) 2004; 52 RA Bruce (108_CR18) 1974; 33 GA Lanza (108_CR2) 2014; 14 GA Lanza (108_CR28) 1996; 28 M Zaya (108_CR21) 2014; 63 SA Weiss (108_CR13) 2010; 121 CR Cole (108_CR10) 1999; 341 M Kayrak (108_CR15) 2010; 32 GA Lanza (108_CR16) 2007; 93 K Takeno (108_CR25) 2012; 25 N Miyai (108_CR11) 2000; 36 SE Epstein (108_CR6) 1986; 8 GA Lanza (108_CR22) 2000; 1 K Imai (108_CR9) 1994; 24 P Verdecchia (108_CR26) 2005; 45 JC Kaski (108_CR3) 1995; 25 CE Kline (108_CR8) 2013; 167 D Levy (108_CR17) 1987; 59 J Filipovsky (108_CR27) 1992; 20 KJ Stewart (108_CR14) 2004; 17 HG Kemp Jr (108_CR1) 1973; 32 |
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Snippet | Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain unclear.... Background Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain... BACKGROUNDAngina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain... Abstract Background Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes... Background: Angina pectoris with a normal coronary angiogram, termed microvascular angina (MVA), is an important clinical entity; however, its causes remain... |
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SubjectTerms | Analysis Angina pectoris Angiography Blood pressure Cardiac autonomic function Cardiac patients Cardiovascular disease Care and treatment Coronary heart disease Coronary vessels Depression (Mood disorder) Ergonovine Exercise Exercise tests Fitness equipment Health aspects Health risk assessment Health screening Heart failure Heart rate Heart rate recovery Hypertension Ischemia Medical research Microvascular angina Mortality Quality of life Recovery (Medical) Regression analysis Stenosis 내과학 |
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Title | Heart rate recovery and blood pressure response during exercise testing in patients with microvascular angina |
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