Evolutionary Consequences of Changes in Species′Geographical Distributions Driven by Milankovitch Climate Oscillations

We suggest Milankovitch climate oscillations as a common cause for geographical patterns in species diversity, species′range sizes, polyploidy, and the degree of specialization and dispersability of organisms. Periodical changes in the orbit of the Earth cause climatic changes termed Milankovitch os...

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Published inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 97; no. 16; pp. 9115 - 9120
Main Authors Dynesius, Mats, Jansson, Roland
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 01.08.2000
National Acad Sciences
National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences
Subjects
Biological Evolution
Biological Sciences
Biological taxonomies
Biology
Climate
Climate change
Climate models
Evolution
Extinct species
Geography
Paleoclimatology
Plants
Polyploidy
Speciation
Species extinction
Species Specificity
Taxa
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Summary:We suggest Milankovitch climate oscillations as a common cause for geographical patterns in species diversity, species′range sizes, polyploidy, and the degree of specialization and dispersability of organisms. Periodical changes in the orbit of the Earth cause climatic changes termed Milankovitch oscillations, leading to large changes in the size and location of species′geographical distributions. We name these recurrent changes "orbitally forced species′range dynamics" (ORD). The magnitude of ORD varies in space and time. ORD decreases gradual speciation (attained by gradual changes over many generations), increases range sizes and the proportions of species formed by polyploidy and other "abrupt" mechanisms, selects against specialization, and favor dispersability. Large ORD produces species prone neither to extinction nor gradual speciation. ORD increases with latitude. This produces latitudinal patterns, among them the gradient in species diversity and species′range sizes (Rapoport's rule). Differential ORD and its evolutionary consequences call for new conservation strategies on the regional to global scale.
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Edited by Alfred G. Fischer, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, and approved June 2, 2000
M.D. and R.J. contributed equally to this work.
To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: roland@eg.umu.se.
ISSN:0027-8424
1091-6490
1091-6490
DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.16.9115